Alzheimer’s Disease and the Symptoms Essay examples

In 1906 Aloysius Alzheimer was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist who was credited for identifying the very first diagnosed case of â€Å"pre senile dementia† later to be known as Alzheimer’s disease. One hundred and seven years later we are still not completely sure of the causes of this disease and why only certain people get it. There are nearly eight million people in the world with Alzheimers disease and it’s an advancing and irreversible disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions along with behavior. It can result in loss of intellectual and social skills and it can get to the point where it interferes greatly with day to day activities making daily tasks extremely difficult or nearly†¦show more content†¦Eventually the disease causes people to completely forget conversations, appointments or events that they have made, misplacing their possessions or putting them in places that don’t make any sense, and even f orgetting the names of family members and everyday objects. Thinking and reasoning†¦ Alzheimers disease causes difficulty concentrating and thinking, especially about certain concepts like numbers and letters. It is very challenging and in some cases impossible for an Alzheimer’s patient to manage finances, balance checkbooks, and keep track of bills and pay them on time. The inability to do these tasks can be frustrating and upsetting to the patient leading the patient into depression, mood swings, and aggressiveness. People with the disease are also prone to having delusions, loss of inhibitions, and withdrawing socially. The causes of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown but scientists do know that Alzheimer’s is not a normal part of aging and the majority of people with this disease are sixty-five or older. Although it is most common in the elderly, up to five percent of Alzheimer’s patients are in the mid to late thirties and forties. Scientists also believe that Alzheimer’s disease is a result from someone’s environment, life style, and certain genetic factors that affect the brain in abnormal ways over time. There are no definitive causes of the disease yet but it has a very clear effect of the brain. A person that has Alzheimer’s, theirShow MoreRelated Factors, Symptoms and Treatment of Alzheimers Disease Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer Disease 1 Alzheimer Disease Introduction This research paper will examine factors, signs of symptoms, treatment, when to visit a doctor and how to care for a love one with Alzheimer disease. In the early stages of the disease, scientists have estimated that 500,000 people in their 30’s, 40’s and 50’s that have Alzheimer disease or a related dementiaRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1642 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder when brain cells degenerate and die. Alzheimer’s dieses destroys the patient’s memory within time. The mental functions of the brain also get destroyed when a person gets Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease is most commonly seen when the patient is sixty to seventy years old. In this research paper the reader will learn about the signs and symptoms, causes, course of disease, outcome and secondary diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis and survivalRead MoreAlzheimer s Research Paper : Alzheimer And Its Symptoms1703 Words   |  7 PagesMrs. Crow 18 November 2015 Alzheimer’s Research Paper There are three separate stages of Alzheimer’s, they are all so different and yet so similar. Many people have a false recollection of Alzheimer’s disease and its symptoms. Many believe that people only get Alzheimer’s as a result of aging. Alzheimer’s disease is not a disease that happens because the human body gets worn down, but because of a change occurring in the human brain. Alzheimer’s is a serious disease that needs to to be acknowledgedRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : My Grandma s Killer1354 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease: My Grandma’s Killer Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is characterized by gradual cognitive decline that beings with the inability to create recent memories or thoughts, which then proceeds to effect on all intellectual functions (Mayeux Stern, 2012). AD affects an estimated 5.5 million people in the United States, and 24 million people worldwide (Mayeux Stern, 2012). The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease is rising in line with the aging population, therefore; AD is most common inRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease that is seen in the elderly. It is the most common form of dementia, which is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Alzheimer’s is one of the leading causes of death in America. Dementia and Alzheimer’s have been around for centuries, but Alzheimer’s disease w asn’t first described until 1906 by Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer. In the past, there was aRead MoreAn Example Of A And A Neurocognitive Disorders And How They Affect Personality And Behavior Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesDown syndrome† (What is Down Syndrome, 2012). People who have from Down Syndrome will display both physical and cognitive symptoms ranging from mild to sever depending on the person. Physical symptoms of people with Down Syndrome can include; low muscle tone, small stature, flattened facial profile, wide hands with short fingers, and an upward slant in eyes. Cognitive symptoms of Down Syndrome can include; difficulty with thinking and learning, short attention span, poor judgment, impulsive behaviorRead MoreAlzheimer s And The Most Relevant Cause Of Dementia1496 Words   |  6 Pages Alzheimer’s, the most relevant cause of Dementia, is a disease that affects as many as 4.5 million Americans per year (WebMD 2005-2014). Alzheimer’s is a diseas e that is an irremediable, continuous brain neuron degenerative disease that can be asymptomatic at first and then overtime becomes symptomatic. Alzheimer’s is a gradual disease that advances in three phases: mild, then moderate, and, finally, severe (1). Symptoms appear after the age of 60 and include: the slow destruction of memory andRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease Is The Most Common Form Of Dementia1684 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, which slowly and steadily impairs the mental function and psychological competence. Even though there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, current treatment patterns and research aim to delay the progression towards dementia and the associated symptoms. The strongest risk factor for this disease is increased age, typically seen in individuals over the age of 65, but it must be noted that Alzheimer’s is not a normal part of the aging process. AlzheimerRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease Is The Most Significant Risk Factor1074 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer s Disease Abstract Alzheimer’s disease currently represents the second leading cause of death in people older than 65 years residing in the modern world. (1) Census records attest to this assertion, which has prompted medical researchers to further investigate the etiology and course of development of the disease in order to better treat the debilitating condition. This paper investigates how Alzheimer’s entered the medical lexicon and how its definition has shifted over the past centuryRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Common Neurodegenerative Disease1110 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disease. It is the most common form of dementia which is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Dementia and Alzheimer’s have been around for centuries, but Alzheimer’s disease wasn’t first described until 1906 by Dr. Aloysius Alzhe imer. In the past, there was a stigma for elderly people with the disease. People with dementia and Alzheimer’s were

Compare and Contrast Macbeth, Macduff, and Banquo. How Are...

Compare and contrast Macbeth, Macduff, and Banquo. How are they alike? How are they different? Is it possible to argue that Macbeth is the play’s villain and Macduff or Banquo its hero? Is the matter more complicated than that? Macbeth is the â€Å"bravest† soldier, very noble, courageous. He is also the honorable Thane of Glamis, but he is not a virtuous one. Macduff is very loyal Scottish nobleman, courageous and is also a Thane of a city. Banquo is a brave, courageous noble general who like Macbeth thinks ambitious thoughts. MacDuff and Banquo are very loyal to their King. When King Duncan was killed they do everything that they possibly can to find out who murdered the King and to properly hand the killer the consequences. Macbeth is†¦show more content†¦Macbeth realizes that the prophecy that the three witches told him is coming true, which blew his mind. Macduff fights for honor and Macbeth fights to kill and to stay alive even though he knows that he i s destined to perish. Macbeth is of a brave and capable warrior initially the first time that we see him. However, once we see Macbeth and the three witches together, we begin to realize that his physical courage is joined by a consuming mind boggling ambition and a tendency to self-doubt. The crusade’s mission is to place the rightful king, Malcolm, on the throne, but Macduff also desires vengeance for Macbeth’s murder of Macduff’s wife and young son. Macbeth is easily tempted into murder to fulfill his ambitions to the throne. Once he commits his first crime and is crowned King of Scotland. When Macduff finds out that Macbeth killed Duncan he plans to kill Macbeth and take his head to Malcolm. Banquo helped Duncan to claim victory over Norway and to become the Thane of Cawdor. They all are loyal to Duncan at some point, although Macduff and Banquo are doing the right things for Duncan, Macbeth is thinking of himself and is doing things so he will be the new Ki ng of Scotland. Macbeth is the play’s villain because he is betraying Duncan and trying to hide everything so he will be king. Macbeth, Macduff, and Banquo are all alike in certain little ways. However, they are all very different in a variety of ways. They all have different ambitions and have

What Were the African Reactions to Slave Trade free essay sample

What were the African reactions to slave trade? (The question requires for you to describe the reaction of Africans from the point of views of peoples, individuals and captives). The Atlantic slave trade which was inevitably began by the Portuguese, but later in time taken over by the English, was the sale and exploitation of African slaves by Europeans that occurred in and throughout the Atlantic Ocean from the 1 5th century to the 1 9th century. Most slaves were transported from West Africa and Central Africa to the New World.Although slavery and slave trading already existed it became well known and practiced n all cultures. During this time while Europeans obtained most slaves through coastal trade with African states, some slaves were captured through raids and kidnapping. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle the Triangular Trade and its Middle Passage which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and millions of people. Lets take Aloud Equation for instance being a slave was not easy for him at all being raided and taken from your family at the tender age of ten years old.It was said that when Equation became a slave his experiences convinced him that he had entered a world of hell and destruction. Being that Equation was not comfortable with the customs to living as a slave he became even more disgusted with the close confinements and unstable conditions he and other slaves were forced to live under. Due to these heinous conditions Equation wanted to just give up, which included losing his appetite and hoping to die, the sailors took him on deck to whip him. It has even been said that when the slaves tried to go out on deck and receive fresh the crew strung nets to prevent them from jumping overboard.Though the slaves were deprived of heir freedom, theyre usage of speaking the same language was even put to cease by separating any individuals who did speak the same language. There was no joy being in this type of atmosphere and it was very devastating which led to depression or nostalgia of many slaves because they had such a strong attachment to their native lands. During this horrible time the slaves were treated immorally, not only was theyre dignity taken away from them but also their respect.The unsanitary conditions brought about many seaboard epidemics, which many slaves died off from encouraging slave captains to go UT and get more slaves to replace those who died. The de ath rates of slaves were escalating at an unimaginable all-time high. We will now go into further depth of a captains story during the time of the slave trade, Mr.. John Newton. Being a slave captain he participated in the enslavement and ill treatment of men, women and even children. He treated his slave cargoes very harsh and always kept ammunition and ship guns in case one of the Africans resisted an order that they were instructed to do.Though Newton eventually retired from the slave trade in 1 754 due to health problems he became strongly involved in religious aspects. However around the sasss Mr. . Newton had a change of heart and with this being said he became the slave trades leading opponent. For so many reasons, Mr.. Newton and many other religious believers started seeing the evil behind slave trading, despite their huge respect in reverence of God. What were the consequences of the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade for Africa, Europe and the Americas?The consequences which resulted of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade for Africa, Europe and the Americas were due to numerous of reasons. Being that Europe provided such a desiring market for sugar, cultivation of this crop in the Americas became beneficial. In the years later on down the line the cultivation for tobacco increasingly grew to the demand of African slaves. In about 1 510 Spain adjoined Portugal strongly increasing the growth of the Atlantic slave trade, and unfortunately due to this a new acrid form Of slavery started in the Americas.The difference between slavery that took place in Africa, Asia, and Europe slavery in the Americas slavery was strictly based on race being that most of the enslaved were genuinely males who worked as agricultural laborers. The enslaved also became known as personal property to their masters and lost all their rightful customary rights being human beings. Portugal and Spain did end up dominating the slaver trade during the 16th century; as a result they shipped over two thousand Africans per year to the Americas.The trading that took place of import goods in exchange with the return of the exporting of Africans was a complete consequence of the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade. The profits from the slave trade were so great the Dutch, French and English become involved in 1550. With the development Of bacon as a cash crop in Virginia and Maryland during the 1 sass and With the large expansion of sugar production the demand for African slaves grew. The end result and the direct consequence was that England and France compete with the Dutch to take over the Atlantic Slave trade.After a host of wars England then took over the Trans Atlantic Slave trade which overthrew the Dutch in 1 764 and victories over France and Spain occurred in 1713. This allowed English traders the right to supply slaves to all of Spains American colonies. The profits of the Atlantic Slave trade produced in the Americas by lave labor were invested in England and consequently helped fund the industrial revolution during the 18th century. In return, Africa became a market for cheap English manufactured goods; eventually two trading systems were developed.In one instance traders carried English goods to West Africa and exchanged the goods for slaves. Then the traders carried the slaves to the West Indies and exchanged them for sugar which they took back to England. As you can see there were a lot of consequences that resulted from the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade for Africa, Europe and the Americas. Describe the various ways in which Africans were so raced and brought to the market as slaves during the period of the Atlantic Slave trade; and evaluate the significance of each method in the overall trade.There were various ways in which Africans were sourced and brought to the market as slaves during the Atlantic Slave trade. When Portuguese ships first arrived off the Guiana Coast, their captains traded off gold, ivory and pepper but they also demanded slaves. Spain was one of the biggest slave trading nations. They needed African slaves to work on their plantations In South America and Caribbean. The African slaves were sourced and brought to the market. This is where most of the slaves were taken during the first few centuries of the Atlantic slave trade. England was one of the latest countries to start slave trade.Soon England became on of the biggest slave trading nations. They began to bring slaves to the Caribbean. They formed the Royal African Company in 1672. This allowed English colonies in America to easily buy slaves from English traders. At the beginning only a few slaves came to English colonies. But when the big tobacco and rice plantations grew in the loonies in the south the slave trade increased. This was immorally wrong to be able to just buy off someone so that they could work on plantations, get treated inhumane and deal with the horrible conditions in following a masters order.The triangular trade was a triangular shape trade off that touched each end of Africa, Europe and the Americas. The significance of the triangular trade was often used to export manufactured products in exchange for slaves or vice versa. Although many people think that most slaves were stolen or caught by slave traders, this is not the truth. Most slaves ere indeed bought by Europeans from other African people. Often, rival tribes sold into slavery members of other tribes they captured during wars. Most of the slaves came from the West Africa and spoke many different languages.African slave traders even conducted a group bound captives from the interior of Africa towards European trading posts. During the time of the Atlantic Slave trade slaves that were caught had to wait for the traders to buy more slaves before they sailed to America they were forced to live in chains on the ships. Although many slaves often rebelled against the slave traders hey often did not succeed and this placed fear in the other slaves heart because they would watch in horror as a trader punished and killed slaves for trying to rebel.Raiding was a huge form of how most African slaves were taken from their native lands, their family and their life and introduced to the world of slavery a world in which they never wanted to know. The significance of raiding in the traders eyes was to take this African people from th eir dignity and respect and ultimately sell them for reasonable profit. Such cruelty scared the slaves in a manner that they inevitably went crazy, losing heir minds because of the conditions they were forced to abide with and live under.The African slaves were humiliated in front of European traders to get a laugh and poke fun of before the slaves were actually sold. It has been said that the slaves endured physical inspection, beatings, and sufferings because they were not seen as people. The different ways African people were made slaves was atrocious and barbaric, and no one should ever have to cope with. Unfortunately these were the ways during these hurtful times and even know today slavery is still in existence.

Tale Of Two Cities Comparison Of Charles And Sydney Essays

Tale Of Two Cities Comparison Of Charles And Sydney Charles and Sydney Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton, two charachters in A Tale of Two Cities, have a few similarities and a few differences. One for example is the striking resemblance of the two gentlemen. In Book II chapter 4, Charles is on trial for treason, but is aquitted partly because of his likeness of Sydney. Another similarity is the great admiration of Lucie Manette. Charles, in Book II chapter 10, makes his intentions known by concenting with her father about the subject. Sydney, in Book II chapter 13, on the other hand, tries an approach much ahead of his time, and speaks with her alone, before talking with her father. This display could be labeled as a difference, because of the different procedures used. Another way that Sydney is different from Charles is the intensity with which he tries to win Lucie's heart. Sydney, even after realizing what her intentions are, is still willing to make the ultimate sacrifice for her, his own life. Charles, in this book, expresses himself so emotionally, except in time of personal crisis. As we find out later, Sydney does make the ultimate sacrifice, giving his own life to save what meant the most to Lucie, the life of Charles (Book III chapter 15). English Essays

Research Proposal on Endangered Species Essay Example

Research Proposal on Endangered Species Essay Recent era of high technologies and developing industries led our society to the new stage of evolution. However, besides obvious advantages for civilization, the twentieth century brought certain problems in life of our planet. Nature began suffering soundly from products of human civilization. There is a great number of factors that influence decrease of population of various species (McGavin 13). One of the endangered species is Cuban Solenodon, very rare animal. There exist only two species of Solenodons – Solenodon cubanus and Solenodon paradoxous. Cuban Solenodon (scientific name – Solenodon cubanus) belongs to the family of Solenodontidae, Soricomorpha order, Mammalia class of Chordata phylum. This rare species was uncovered by Wilhalm Peters in 1861. These small (around 50 cm long) shrew-like animals live mostly in Cuban Oriente Province. Since its discovery, Cuban Solenodon was mainly found in this area, being Cuban endemic. Historical investigation has showed that species of Solenodon, the ancestors of modern Cuban Solenodon, were rather distributed animals around thirty million years ago (MacDonald 49). They lived in the area of moders North America. However, the size of population was not estimated. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Endangered Species specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Endangered Species specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Endangered Species specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, the spieces is not young, having long history of development. Unfortunately current population size of this animal is very small. There were found only several decades of animals in the end of nineteenth century. In the period from 1890 to 1970 (Massicot) no animals were cought. After that, few specimen were caught in 1970-es and in 1999. Total number of representatives of Cuban Solenodon found since its discovery equaled 36 animals. However, only several years ago, in 2003, 37-th specimen was caught. Still there are no accurate data on current population of this animal. Solenodons live in a wild nature and are protected by law. Hence, solenodons are not kept in Zoo parks as the animal is difficult to keep in captivity and is considered a threatened species. Although Cuban Solenodon is classified as endangered species, many biologists think that the small population size of this animal is conditionad by its lifestyle. Indeed, Solenodon cubanus is a nocturanl animal, mostly being active at night while sleeping at daytime (Answers.com). Besides, solenodons live in burrows. These facts are considered by some scientists to be reasons for rarity of this animal, as it is rather difficult to find solenodon in wild nature. Moreover, reproduction of Cuban Solenodon is very low. These animals produce maximum one litter per six months, having mostly one offspring (sometimes two) per litter. Therefore, there exist natural factors conditioning small population and rarity of Cuban Solenodon. However, there are many other facts that affected the small population size of this species. There is very little known about natural events that caused small population of Solenodon Cubanus. Still, some factors and processes in twentieth century indeed affected its distribution. One of the reasons is considered the slash of tropical forest for agricultural needs. As long as solenodons live in wet forests, it was very dangerous for their population. Besides, the introduction of some animals (mongoose, dogs, and cats) caused decline of Cuban Solenodon population (Theusch). Being historically very unfamiliar with predators, solenodons can not fight with these animals and defend themselves. Therefore, the decrease of population size of Solenodon Cubanus depends totally on various kinds of human activity. Cuban Solenodon was for the first time classified endangered species in 1970. Current status of this animal is also endangered, being in the Red List of Threatened Species. This species is protected by law and federal regulations of many countries, including the United States of America and Cuba. Unfortunately, the status of this rare animal and its protection does not make its population grow. On my view, very little can be done now for saving this species from going extinct besides decreasing our activity on deforestation. I believe that people will recognize the volume of enormous harm they cause to the wild nature. And I sincerely hope that once we can see this little animal in a wild forest of Eastern Cuba with our own eyes.

ArrayList Essays

ArrayList Essays ArrayList Essay ArrayList Essay Name Description Adapter Creates an Aerialist wrapper for a specific List. Add Adds an object to the end of the Aerialist. Derange Adds the elements of an Collection to the end of the Aerialist. Beneficiaries(ObJect) Searches the entire sorted Aerialist for an element using the default comparer and returns the zero-based index of the element. Beneficiaries(ObJect, Comparer) Searches the entire sorted Aerialist for an element using the specified comparer and returns the zero-based index of the element. Beneficiaries(leant, Ninth, Object, Comparer) Searches a range of elements in the sorted Aerialist for an element using the pacified comparer and returns the zero-based index of the element. Clear Removes all elements from the Aerialist. Clone Creates a shallow copy of the Aerialist. Contains Determines whether an element is in the Aerialist. Copy(Array) Copies the entire Aerialist to a compatible one-dimensional Array, starting at the beginning of the target array. Copy(Array, Ninth) specified index of the target array. Copy(leant, Array, Ninth, Ninth) Copies a range of elements from the Aerialist to a compatible one-dimensional Array, starting at the specified index of the target array. Equals(ObJect) Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object. (Inherited from Object. ) Finalize Allows an object to try to free resources and perform other cleanup operations before it is reclaimed by garbage collection. (lionhearted from Object. ) Fixedness(Aerialist) Returns an Aerialist wrapper with a fixed size. Fixedness(list) Returns an List wrapper with a fixed size. Exterminator() Returns an enumerator for the entire Aerialist. Exterminator(leant, Ninth) Returns an enumerator for a range of elements in the Aerialist. Stagecoaches Serves as the default hash function. (Inherited from Object. Estrange Returns an Aerialist which represents a subset of the elements in the source Aerialist. Getty Searches for the specified Object and returns the zero-based index of the first occurrence within the entire Aerialist. Indexed(ObJect, Ninth) occurrence within the range of elements in theatricality that extends from the specified index to the last element. Indexed(ObJect, Ninth, Ninth) occurrence within the range of elements in theatricality that starts at the specified index and contains the specified number of elements. Insert Inserts an element into the Aerialist at the specified index. Inserting Inserts the elements of a collection into the Aerialist at the specified index. Lastingness(ObJect) Searches for the specified Object and returns the zero-based index of the last occurrence within the entire Aerialist. Lastingness(ObJect, Ninth) occurrence within the range of elements in the Aerialist that extends from the first element to the specified index. Lastingness(ObJect, Ninth, Ninth) occurrence within the range of elements in theatricality that contains the specified number of elements and ends at the specified index. Omnipresence Creates a shallow copy of the current Object. Inherited from Object. ) Readably(Aerialist) Returns a read-only Aerialist wrapper. Readably(list) Returns a read-only List wrapper. Remove Removes the first occurrence of a specific object from the Aerialist. Remove Removes the element at the specified index of the Aerialist. Removing Removes a range of elements from the Aerialist. Repeat Returns an Aerialist whose elements are copies of the specified value. Reverse() Reverses the order of the elements in the entire Aerialist. Reverse(leant, Ninth) Reverses the order of the elements in the specified range. Estrange Copies the elements of a collection over a range of elements in the Aerialist. Sort() Sorts the elements in the entire Aerialist. Sort(locomotors) Sorts the elements in the entire Aerialist using the specified comparer. Sort(Ninth, Ninth, Comparer) Sorts the elements in a range of elements in Aerialist using the specified comparer. Synchronized(Aerialist) Returns an Aerialist wrapper that is synchronized (thread safe). Synchronized(list) Returns an List wrapper that is synchronized (thread safe). Tray() Copies the elements of the Aerialist to a new Object array. Tray(Type) Copies the elements of the Aerialist to a new array of the specified element type. Returns a string that represents the current object. (Inherited from Object. ) Dormitories Sets the capacity to the actual number of elements in the Aerialist. Name Separable Enables personalization of a query. (Defined by Preternaturally. ) Acquirable Converts an Enumerable to an Acquirable. (Defined by Acquirable. ) Cast Casts the elements of an Enumerable to the specified type. (Defined by Enumerable. ) Often Filters the elements of an Enumerable based on a specified type. (Defined by Enumerable. )

History of Psychological Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Psychological Assessment - Essay Example However, certain quarters harbored a dissenting view and maintained that intelligence was a fixed property, the implication lending credence to the notion that a nation with superior intelligence could be segmented and developed with specific testing techniques. Robert Yerkes was one of those convinced that with intelligence being a measurable constant, intelligence tests could be executed and quantified like an exact science. It is to be recalled that during this period psychology was considered to be a mere pseudoscience, and Yerkes was determined to find a way in which he could bring credibility to his craft. He wanted to have psychology recognized as 'hard' science and believed that using a 'scientific' approach to mental testing looked like a promising route to achieve this. (Gould, 1982) He was under the impression that rigorous, statistic-based tests would uplift the overall image of psychology within the scientific community. The advent of the First World War gave him the perfect opportunity to showcase the "hard" techniques of mental testing, and thus present to everyone that psychology was indeed a creditable science. In 1917, Yerkes was the president of the American Psychology Association, and under their auspices he spearheaded what was to become one of the biggest intelligence tests in history. Faced with the daunting task of gauging the capabilities of more than 1.75 million new recruits, the United States Army handed over the reins to Yerkes and his team from the APA. He devised three types of tests for the recruits. The first was an alpha test, which was a written exam for those who were literate. According to Sticht & Armstrong (2003), it had eight parts, including analogies, filling in the missing number, and unscrambling a sentence. The beta test was a seven-part pictorial test for those who were illiterate. Test components included a picture completion test, and numbering tasks among others. The third test was an individual examination, and this was administered to those who had failed the beta It is pertinent to note that the Alpha and Beta tests could be applicable to big groups, and in most cases took no more than an hour. In analyzing his findings, Yerkes insisted that the tests administered were an accurate barometer of what he had termed "native intellectual ability", or innate intelligence that was unaffected by culture and educational opportunities (Gould, 1982) The tests would go on to generate a significant amount of interest in the country, and with that Yerkes had achieved his long-standing goal of making psychology a credible, "hard" science. In retrospect, the beta and alpha tests promulgated by Yerkes were inherently flawed in so many aspects. Its findings reflected that the average mental age of a white American adult was 13, which if equated in contemporary terms would make them the equivalent of a semi-retarded person. The average mental age of a black American adult was 10, and the scores of immigrants were comparably low. The hypothesis here being, the darker the skin of the person, the less "intelligent" he would be. These findings and the methodologies implemented are now found to be both ethically and scientifically wanting. While it had been

Relationship of Physiology and Proper Breastfeeding Research Paper

Relationship of Physiology and Proper Breastfeeding - Research Paper Example As mentioned earlier, it is important that the baby’s mouth also covers the areola; otherwise, the baby will not only fail to extract all the available milk but the breast will also be engorged due to continuous stimulation of the nipple leading to production of more prolactin and oxytocin.  As mentioned earlier, it is important that the baby’s mouth also covers the areola; otherwise, the baby will not only fail to extract all the available milk but the breast will also be engorged due to continuous stimulation of the nipple leading to production of more prolactin and oxytocin.  Benefits of Breastfeeding Infants are very vulnerable to diseases; hence, anything taken by them can put so much health risks including inadequacy of nutrients, infection, allergy and gastrointestinal disturbances. Breast milk being is naturally formulated to avoid all these risks and to render numerous benefits in the initial growing years of the child. Nonetheless, aside from these benefit s, breast milk also offers convenience as it is always at proper temperature and is always available without the need for preparation. In terms of nutrition, breast milk contains high levels of fats, lactose and Vitamin A. Fats are mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids which are readily absorbed due to the presence of bile salt stimulated lipase in breast milk. Because of the presence of this enzyme, there is no loss of fats in stools. Moreover, the predominant protein in breast milk is whey, which consists of alpha-lactoglobulins, lactoferrin and IgA.... As mentioned earlier, it is important that the baby’s mouth also covers the areola; otherwise, the baby will not only fail to extract all the available milk but the breast will also be engorged due to continuous stimulation of the nipple leading to production of more prolactin and oxytocin. Benefits of Breastfeeding Infants are very vulnerable to diseases; hence, anything taken by them can put so much health risks including inadequacy of nutrients, infection, allergy and gastrointestinal disturbances. However, breast milk being is naturally formulated to avoid all these risks and to render numerous benefits in the initial growing years of the child. Nonetheless, aside from these benefits, breast milk also offers convenience as it is always at proper temperature and is always available without the need for preparation (Kliegman et al., 2007). In terms of nutrition, breast milk contains high levels of fats, lactose and Vitamin A. Fats are mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids which are readily absorbed due to the presence of bile salt stimulated lipase in breast milk milk (Kliegman et al., 2007).. Because of the presence of this enzyme, there is no loss of fats in stools. Moreover, the predominant protein in breast milk is whey, which consists of alpha-lactaglobulin, lactoferrin and IgA. Alpha-lactoglubulin which cannot be found in formula milk reduces the frequency of allergies (Kliegman et al., 2007). Lactoferrin, also found in whey, binds to iron, increasing its absorption. This compensates for the fact that breast milk actually has lower contents of iron but then again because of this protein, its iron is more absorbed compared to other kinds of milk (Kliegman et al., 2007).

Axiom Strategic Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Axiom Strategic Communications - Essay Example This strategy redefines the current situation about the hearing problem in Australia and how the Australian Hearing organization contends to deal with the ever-increasing cases in the country. The organization focuses on hearing impairment for â€Å"Children and young adults under the age 21 years, Indigenous adults over 50 and aged pensioners and Veterans affected during their working experience† (Australian Hearing 2011). The majority of active clients attended to by specialists in all the years are between the ages 0-29 and 60-99, with the latter forming the highest percentage in both male and female subjects. This gives the reason why the entity forms an integral component in solving hearing loss problem in Australia and, thus, the organization to place itself strategically to solve these problems. The figure below shows the population by percentage of active clients attending the Australian Hearing by age group. This PR strategy seeks to position the Australian Hearing in a distinguishable manner vis-a-vis competitors in the hearing products and services. Through this, the organization sets industry standards and uses the most cost-effective and best value means of accomplishing its objectives to the target publics. A number of messages will be used to communicate the intentions of the organization. These will be through communicated through interactive social media platforms, brochures, and newsletters. The messages â€Å"Together we lead the world in giving our customers with the best hearing solutions† aims at putting the mission and vision of the organization a top agenda. Through this, the organization focuses on streamlining its procedures to be customer oriented to solve the specific impairments of the customer in question. The message â€Å"Setting the standards in Hearing health and auditory research† outline to the major objective that the organization is on the threshold of achieving. This posits that the specialists and management all work towards a collective motivation (Harris & Whalen, 2006, p. 107). The individuals are expected to convert all their energies and synergies towards setting the pace in the research and hearing health services provision.

Watch Industry And Strategy Of Titan Watches

Watch Industry And Strategy Of Titan Watches Today, a wristwatch is considered as much of a status symbol as a device to tell time. The watches and jewellery has not been immune to the economic climate and the whole industry suffered in late 2008 and in 2009 as consumer confidence fell and people became more cautious about their spending. The overall jewellery and watches market grew by 10% since 2005 to reach  £4.8 billion in 2010 and Mintel forecasts 11% growth for the jewellery and watches market over next five years. 2011 is also going to be the year to invest in mens jewellery. Stephen Webster presented a strong case for mens jewellery at IJL in September 2010, and assuming male customer only want watches and the odd signet or chain could lead to missing out on a potential wealth of customer. Its not that male customers dont want it: they just dont know they want it. Men arent like women and theyre not used to thinking about what to wear, explain Webster. But once a man is bejewelled, theres no looking back. They also dont wait for special occasions like woman do, and they can go from zero to jewellery enthusiast in no time. Market research company Mintels September 2010 report Watches and Jewellery Retailing UK found that 20% of male respondent said they like receiving jewellery as a gift, and 12% said that they had purchased all of their own jewellery. So the market is clearly there to be exploited. http://www.retail-jeweller.com/trends/in-with-the-new-2011-trends/5020089.article Rocketing gold prices and recession have led many consumers to buy silver jewellery instead of gold, with almost one in five people wearing more silver jewellery than gold, rising to nearly three in ten women; particularly young people aged 15 24. The affordability and disposability of many costume jewellery items means that customers are more willing to experiment and try new looks without denting their bank balances Young men aged under- 35 are more open to paying higher amounts for a watch as they typically do not wear jewellery to express their individuality or consumer spending power. Some 86% of consumers wear a watch, but nearly 40% only a new one when their old one is broken. Converging the watchs main function with health benefits would be one way of helping create new reasons for purchase. http://oxygen.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen/display/id=479809 Executive Summary: https://www.keynote.co.uk/market-intelligence/view/product/10331/chapter/0 Many Brands and companies are constantly reinvigorating their businesses and positioning them for growth. There is a constant need to innovate, reinvigorate, update, recalibrate, or just simply fend off the competition in an effort to better explain ,why buy me. In the market for the brand and product offerings is created by positioning. It reaches a certain type of consumers and delivers benefits that meet the needs of several key target groups and users. Actual Approach of a company or brands positioning in the marketplace depends on how it communicates the benefits and product attributes to consumers and users. As a result positioning of a company and/or product seeks to further distance itself from competitors based on a host of items, but most notably on five key issues: Price, Quality, Product Attributes, Distribution, and Usage Occasions. In recent times, consumerism has undergone a sea change. Consumers today are well informed about the products, as compared to earlier times. Hence, the market has become customer centric. Recognizing the importance of the customer is business structure; companies have started effecting brand repositioning exercise on regular basis. In the recent times, a major brand repositioning exercise has been planned by Titian Industries Ltd in order to provide more to its customers. The company has its new position. This study will help to understand the revived positioning strategies of TITAN watches. An analysis of repositioning strategies of Titan also forms of the study. Firstly it is important to understand the overall wrist watch industry in UK. Secondly to study the brand positioning and re-positioning strategy of Titan wrist watches and to find out whether the loyal consumers of TITAN watches aware of the new positioning strategies of the company and how they perceive them. To study primary and secondary data have been used. Analysis UK wrist watch industry and brand repositioning strategies of TITAN Company has been analysed and completed on the basis of secondary data. Internet, journals, books and magazines have been used for this purpose. Project comprises conducting a questionnaire survey. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Introduction: 1.1 Theory and concepts: A business has two and only two basic functions: marketing and innovation Peter Drucker To maintain business relevance and market position, it is important to continuously innovate and invent brand image in the market to pace with change and intense competitive pressure in the marketplace. In this context, brand repositioning and other revitalization strategies have become a business imperative for battling brand erosion. The appeal of brand repositioning is further heightened by the rising costs and high risk associated with launching a new brand. Increase in the cost and high risk related with launching a new brand that is a part of brand reposition.Brand reposition has received very importance in the marketing literature and mostly been treated as a variation of brand positioning. Reposition can be required as the market changes and new opportunities occur. In order to reach the customer which was never targeted at first can also be targeted with brand reposition. In order to change its image in the market it is important to focus towards brand repositioning, although it is one of the toughest and hardest actions in marketing to reposition a familiar brand. According to Solomon, position strategy is an essential part in the marketing efforts because companies have to use the elements in the marketing mix to influence the customers understanding the position. There has to be several choices to be, so to as to be in more attractive and relevant position. It is important for the person who is reposition for the reposition to know and understand why reposition is necessary and its need, and if the offer is the one that will change or just the brand name. While repositioning it is important to undertake and understand all the risk factors that is likely to affect it in the market. A company risks its credibility and reliability more while repositioning its brand in the market and the need for a thorough strategy is very important to avoid any occurrence. Some analyst argues that to successfully reposition a established brand name is almost impossible because repositioning of a brand can make the most loyal customer to switch brand. If the brand is eroded then brand reposition becomes important. Numerous attempts to reposition brand in the market may fail which is testified by many company for example while soft drink has successfully been able to connect with the youth though they exist for 40 years in the market but at the same Levis, jeans has been losing its market share to newcomers such as The Gap despite numerous campaigns designed to reposition the brand trend. 1.2 Literature Review: The reposition strategy is defined into three stages that is: Introductory Elaboration Fortification This involves the introduction of a new or a repositioned brand, seeking underline the brands value over others, and to broaden the brand position. It is truly hard to change the customers perceived attitude towards a brand, and therefore the risk is great that the attempt to repositioning might fail. After rolling out the strategy, it is time to modify the proposition through update of the personality and through repositioning. There pros and cons with both of this segments and it is great significance that they are truly calculate when deciding the next step in the process. To understand it more deeply http://htmlimg4.scribdassets.com/55f3acalz4nfgla/images/10-81b5e3fa9c/000.jpg Figure 1: Stages in brand strategy development. When a company modifies or change something that is already there in the market established in the mind of the customer that is called as repositioning. Different profession and individuals have different meaning and understanding towards Repositioning. There are few different definitions and greater understanding about this concept: Repositioning is a change, principally about triggering the vision, mission and value in a new direction that is more suited f or the brand in the future- Brand manager consultant. Principally, reposition concerns changing the consumers perception of the brand PR consultant. Repositioning is built upon the change of unique and differentiated associations with the brand in some kind of direction; it is about having a balance between the category party and differentiation when using reposition strategies (Leading Brand strategies) From these definitions, it is obvious that reposition is about moving something to more attractive and relevant position. Reposition direction is often decided as to what a company wants to achieve. There is also a visible relation between price and quantity aspects. When a company perceives the market as a demand curve, the purpose is to down stretch or upward curve. When moving up and there is a need for reaching the premium segment and expand up wards. Figure: The principle of reposition. When striving towards a new position in the market, it is important to understand those consumers are limited. Peoples minds select what to remember and it is important to convince the consumers with greater arguments. The market always strive for change which is rapid and therefore repositioning can be necessary to meet these demands, newer and stronger arguments have to be established to convinced them to stay as loyal customers. As repositioning is a very complicated matter and therefore there are no detailed theories or models. Aim for repositioning is different for different person, and the only connection between all the different theories is that repositioning is moving something from somewhere towards a greater position at the market. Corstjens and Doyle (1989) identified three types of repositioning strategies: Zero repositioning, which is not a repositioning at all since the firm maintains its initial strategy in the face of a changing environment. Gradual repositioning, where the firm performs incremental, continuous adjustments to its positioning strategy to reflect the evolution of its environment; and Radical repositioning that corresponds to a discontinuous shift towards a new target market and /or a new competitive advantage. After learning the repositioning of several brands from the UK market, the following 8 types of repositioning have been identified. These are: Increasing relevance to the consumer Increasing occasions for use Making the brand serious Falling sales Bringing in new customers Making the rand contemporary Differentiate from other brands Changed market conditions A four phased brand repositioning approach can be followed to achieve the intended benfits- Phase I. Determining the current status of the brand Phase II. What does the brand stand for today? Phase III. Developing the brand positioning platforms Phase IV. Refining the brand Positioning and Management Presentation The advantages that can be derived from brand repositioning exercises can be summarized as: Value over others Updated personality Relevant position The risks associated with such strategies are: Loss of focus Neglecting original customers Losing credibility for the brand Confusing the brand Therefore, brand repositioning is more difficult than initially positioning a brand because one must first help the customer UNLEARN the current brand positioning This can be done by: Carefully crafted communication New products, packaging Associations with other brands ( co- branding, co- marketing, ingredient branding, strategic alliances, etc) that reinforce the new brand positioning. This exercise is so critical to an organizations success that the organizations and its marketing/brand management leader should develop it, preferably with the help and facilitation of an outside brand positioning expert. Research Methodology: 2.1 Objectives To study the current scenario of UK wrist watch industry. To review the brand positioning strategies of different sub-brands of watches. To analyze the brand repositioning strategies of watches. To study consumer awareness and perception about the brand repositioning strategies of watches. This study will help to understand the gap in its communication strategy regarding brand repositioning exercises and the further measures to be taken for effective marketing communications. 2.2 Limitations: The study is confined to London area only There is possibility of sampling errors in the study The responses of the consumers may not be genuine Questionnaire may not be comprehensive 2.3 Sources of Data Collection: The relevant data was collected from both primary sources and secondary sources. The starting point of my information gathering has been the secondary sources such as internet, books, and journals and so on. Firstly, brand positioning and repositioning strategies of Titan, secondary sources such as internet, insurance magazines, and journals and so on. Then I conducted a consumer awareness survey on brand repositioning strategies undertaken by Titan watches in recent times. 2.4 Sampling: To conduct sampling of 50 loyal consumers of Titan and in the age group of 20 30 years for this study. Since Titan has taken up brand repositioning strategies since January 2011, consumers who have seen the previous and new campaigns have been targeted. 2.5 Primary data: Data was collected through an interview schedule, consisting of both open ended and closed ended questions. It consisted of the parameters like reasons consumers brand preference, recollection of earlier tagline and advertisement, brand ambassador of Titan awareness of new tagline and campaign featuring sportsmen and actors from International body and so on. The data was collected through e-mails, telephone contacts and one to one personal interviews. Industry Overview UK Watch industry: Market report examines the UK jewellery and watches market, total sales of jewellery and watches in the UK fluctuated between 2004 and 2008, and fell by 2.8% in the latter year to finish the review period at  £4.33 billion. The declining sales in 2008 can be largely attributed to the global economic downturn and UK recession, which have had a negative impact on nearly all industries. Initially, the luxury end of the market was relatively unaffected by the downturn, but by the end of 2008 and 2009, it had begun to take effect. The jewellery and Watches market has become increasingly competitive in recent years. Although the industry has always been fragmented with a wide range of suppliers and retailers, developments in online retailing have contributed to it becoming increasingly transparent for information on pricing and availability. This has been a positive trend, especially for many smaller brands that previously were not able to deal directly with consumers. Some larger retailers, as well as a few independents, have also developed transactional sites to deal with this demand. With around a third of the UK population owning a piece of precious jewellery and nearly in ten owning a watch, products have a high rate of consumer penetration. The downturn in the UK economy is unlikely to show reversal in 2009, and this will continue to affect all areas of consumer spending. It seems the concepts of a wrist watch have become that of a status symbol rather than a practical chronometer. According to a survey that suggest one in seven people in the UK has no need for watch, apart from as a fashion accessory. Gadgets such as iPods, laptops and mobile phone, represent threat to the watch industry, survey conducted by Mintel. Even in the age of iPhones, people spend huge amount of money on a quality time piece, with high-end brands such as Rolex and Tag Heuer adorning blinged up wrist of rappers, bankers and fashionistas alike. http://www.wharf.co.uk/2010/11/why-wrist-watches-are-dialling.html SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE UK WATCH INDUSTRY: Strengths: Watch industry is growing industry which faster rate As the population is rising, the watch market is also expanding Customers are not very price sensitive as far as quality watch is concerned Weakness: There is not much advertising done by watch industry No innovation in products There are few number of exclusive showrooms that reduces the consumers accessibility to the product There are few marketers, who are concentrated only upon a particular niche segment (Tag Heuer ) Opportunities: There is more need of fashionable luxury watch and fine luxury watch brands that can be targeted in UK, as customers are more like trendsetter and fashionable. UK especially London is a metropolitan city which makes it more attractive for the new company. Youth are more brand conscious than their predecessors. That leads to the expansion of the market for branded watches. Threats: There are many foreign players entering in the race Too many players will dilute the market and the profit margin. Mobile phones acting as substitutes of the watches. The Indian watch industry began in the year 1961 with the commissioning of the watch division of Titan. The first watch model manufactured by HMT was the Janata model in the year 1962. HMT was the leader in the watch market till the Tatas formed Titan watches in association with Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation in the year 1987. They took a major strategy decision, which later changed the face of the Indian watch market to manufacture only quartz watches. Liberalisation in 1992 and removal of quantitative restrictions due to WTO has opened the doors for many the Indian market viz. Tissot, Swatch, Omega, Rado, TAGHeuer. The import duties on watches are falling which makes the Indian market look attractive for the global majors like Casio, Swatch and Citizen. Company Profile: Overview Titan is the largest watch company in India and the sixth largest in the world. Titan manufactures over 7 million watches per annum and has a customer base over 65 million. An industry was established in 1984 as a joint venture between the Tata Group and the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation. The company brought the shift in the Indian watch market, offering quartz technology with International styling, manufactured in a state-of-the art factory at Hosur, Tamil Nadu. Leveraging its understanding of different segments in the watch market, the company launched a second independent watch brand Sonata, as a value brand to those seeking buy functionally styled watches at affordable prices. In addition it focused on the youth with its third brand fastrack. In two decades the company has built an impressive watch business to become Indias largest manufacturer and the worlds sixth manufacturer of watches. This has mainly been achieved by developing a formidable distribution network. The company has amongst the worlds largest retail chain of exclusive retail showrooms for watches called The world of Titan spread over 100 towns. It also has multi brand outlets named Time Zone, service centers and dealer outlets. Globally Titan has a presence in over 30 countries through its marketing subsidiaries. The company has watch assembly plants at Dehradun (UP) and Baddi ( Himachal Pradesh) and a plant manufacturing electronic circuit boards in Goa. The majority stake in the company is held by the promoters, with Tidco having 28 percent of the shares and Tata Group companies owning 25 percent of the shares. Public holding in the company is around 28 per cent. The rest of the stake is held by foreign institutions, non resident Indians, mutual funds and other institutions. It has also premium fashion watches by acquiring a license for global brands such as Tommy Hilfiger and Hugo Boss, while. It has also in its portfolio its first Swiss Made watch brand Xylys. 1995, the company diversified into jewellery under the brand Tanishq to capitalize on fragmented market operating with no brands in urban cities. In 2005, the launched its second Jewellery brand, GoldPlus, for capitalizing on the opportunity in small towns and rural India. The company has now diversified into fashion Eyewear by launching Fastrack Eye-Gear sunglasses, as well as Prescription Eyewear. TITAN WATCHES: BRAND POSITIONING STRATEGIES Overall strategies: Since its introduction, Titan has been positioned as a premium brand, providing high quality products. Titan is struggling to have a strong brand image in UK market due to its numerous sub-brands that caters to different segments in India. It follows different positioning strategies; these strategies can also be analyzed as given below: Attribute Positioning: When the company launched its products, it was the first to bring quartz watches to Indian market. The company successfully leveraged this to penetrate the market. Raga, Classique and Regalia come under this strategy. Classique positioned as elegant corporate wear that leaves a quiet, but definite impression and fusion of function and sophistication. Regalia ranger represents the elegant-wear. Raga has been differentiate and positioned as exclusive watch. The Raga and Silver Raga collection is elegant, delicate and feminine with each piece truly unique. User Positioning: Titan caters to several user groups children (the Dash), sportspersons and adventurers. The fastrack range is seen as being contemporary, reliable and sturdy. The advertising, packaging and merchandising of this range is young, cool and vibrant. Benefit Positioning: Titan seeks to differentiate its offering on the basis of superior style and attractiveness which is offered by fastrack Digital range. Competitors Positioning: With the entry of several foreign watchmakers into the market, Titan had to encounter the threat. Most the entrants are catering to the upper end of the market Omega, Cartier etc. Quality or Price Positioning: In the overseas market, especially in Europe where it is competing with Swiss and Japanese watches, it is positioning itself as value-for-money (less than Swiss watches and higher than Japanese), attractively styled and of good quality. TITAN WATCHES: BRAND RE-POSITIONING STRATEGIES FOR GLOBALISATION Titan has managed to get fair market in Middle East and Africa but its failure in Europe was a downturn for the Company as the return was not as good as investment made for the expansion. Titan has decided to revamp its flagship watch brand in Europe mainly in UK. Titan wants to reposition it more youthful and relevant to the changing times. Titan has entered the International markets in 1989 through the export of watch movements. Titans first global footprint was placed in the UAE the largest market in the Middle East then it moved towards Egypt, Oman, Saudi Arabia and few markets in Africa. Though it faced strong competition, it reached the sales of 100,000 watches within a year of its launch. It started to move globally and moves towards Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and Nepal. After its extensive survey, it concluded that it needs good reason to stock the brand. Titan needs to re-position its brand image in the UK market. And so Titan decided to against soft option of driving its globalization through private label exports. It would launch its product under its own brand with market positioning Therefore Titan found a massive advertising campaign to create brand awareness. It also participated in the fair which showcases the worlds biggest watch brand in the world. http://www.moodiereport.com/images/luxury_watch_tables_jan10_04.jpg http://www.moodiereport.com/images/luxury_watch_tables_jan10_05.jpg CONCLUSION: The suggestions to improve consumer awareness about brand repositioning strategy of Titan are as follows: To increase its visibility, Titan Company can sponsor events similar to fashion shows which all latest designs launched are displayed. This is important as it has a great effect on different segments of the customers in different ways. It is important to have Tie up with radio channels and television to broadcast and telecast its advertisement about various sales promotion from time to time. RD needs more investment as customer expectations are changing rapidly. It should focus more on introducing more varieties and luxury items in the market at regular interval. Introduce exclusive collection for working women which is more contemporary and complements any fashion styles. Tie up with international watch brands to make the product stronger in the market. To use internet to spread awareness among consumer about the brand. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })()

The Host Chapter 5: Uncomforted

Hello there, Wanderer! Won't you take a seat and make yourself at home?† I hesitated on the threshold of the Comforter's office, one foot in and one foot out. She smiled, just a tiny movement at the corners of her mouth. It was much easier to read facial expressions now; the little muscle twitches and shifts had become familiar through months of exposure. I could see that the Comforter found my reluctance a bit amusing. At the same time, I could sense her frustration that I was still uneasy coming to her. With a quiet sigh of resignation, I walked into the small brightly colored room and took my usual seat-the puffy red one, the one farthest from where she sat. Her lips pursed. To avoid her gaze, I stared through the open windows at the clouds scuttling past the sun. The faint tang of ocean brine blew softly through the room. â€Å"So, Wanderer. It's been a while since you've come to see me.† I met her eyes guiltily. â€Å"I did leave a message about that last appointment. I had a student who requested some of my time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes, I know.† She smiled the tiny smile again. â€Å"I got your message.† She was attractive for an older woman, as humans went. She'd let her hair stay a natural gray-it was soft, tending toward white rather than silver, and she wore it long, pulled back in a loose ponytail. Her eyes were an interesting green color I'd never seen on anyone else. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said, since she seemed to be waiting for a response. â€Å"That's all right. I understand. It's difficult for you to come here. You wish so much that it wasn't necessary. It's never been necessary for you before. This frightens you.† I stared down at the wooden floor. â€Å"Yes, Comforter.† â€Å"I know I've asked you to call me Kathy.† â€Å"Yes†¦ Kathy.† She laughed lightly. â€Å"You are not at ease with human names yet, are you, Wanderer?† â€Å"No. To be honest, it seems†¦ like a surrender.† I looked up to see her nod slowly. â€Å"Well, I can understand why you, especially, would feel that way.† I swallowed loudly when she said that, and stared again at the floor. â€Å"Let's talk about something easier for a moment,† Kathy suggested. â€Å"Do you continue to enjoy your Calling?† â€Å"I do.† This was easier. â€Å"I've begun a new semester. I wondered if it would get tiresome, repeating the same material, but so far it doesn't. Having new ears makes the stories new again.† â€Å"I hear good things about you from Curt. He says your class is among the most requested at the university.† My cheeks warmed a bit at this praise. â€Å"That's nice to hear. How is your partner?† â€Å"Curt is wonderful, thank you. Our hosts are in excellent shape for their ages. We have many years ahead of us, I think.† I was curious if she would stay on this world, if she would move to another human host when the time came, or if she would leave. But I didn't want to ask any questions that might move us into the more difficult areas of discussion. â€Å"I enjoy teaching,† I said instead. â€Å"It's somewhat related to my Calling with the See Weeds, so that makes it easier than something unfamiliar. I'm indebted to Curt for requesting me.† â€Å"They're lucky to have you.† Kathy smiled warmly. â€Å"Do you know how rare it is for a Professor of History to have experienced even two planets in the curriculum? Yet you've lived a term on almost all of them. And the Origin, to boot! There isn't a school on this planet that wouldn't love to steal you away from us. Curt plots ways to keep you busy so you have no time to consider moving.† â€Å"Honorary Professor,† I corrected her. Kathy smiled and then took a deep breath, her smile fading. â€Å"You haven't been to see me in so long, I was wondering if your problems were resolving themselves. But then it occurred to me that perhaps the reason for your absence was that they were getting worse.† I stared down at my hands and said nothing. My hands were light brown-a tan that never faded whether I spent time in the sun or not. One dark freckle marked the skin just above my left wrist. My nails were cut short. I disliked the feeling of long nails. They were unpleasant when they brushed the skin wrong. And my fingers were so long and thin-the added length of fingernails made them look strange. Even for a human. She cleared her throat after a minute. â€Å"I'm guessing my intuition was right.† â€Å"Kathy.† I said her name slowly. Stalling. â€Å"Why did you keep your human name? Did it make you feel†¦ more at one? With your host, I mean?† I would have liked to know about Curt's choice as well, but it was such a personal question. It would have been wrong to ask anyone besides Curt for the answer, even his partner. I worried that I'd already been too impolite, but she laughed. â€Å"Heavens, no, Wanderer. Haven't I told you this? Hmm. Maybe not, since it's not my job to talk, but to listen. Most of the souls I speak with don't need as much encouragement as you do. Did you know I came to Earth in one of the very first placements, before the humans had any idea we were here? I had human neighbors on both sides. Curt and I had to pretend to be our hosts for several years. Even after we'd settled the immediate area, you never knew when a human might be near. So Kathy just became who I was. Besides, the translation of my former name was fourteen words long and did not shorten prettily.† She grinned. The sunlight slanting through the window caught her eyes and sent their silver green reflection dancing on the wall. For a moment, the emerald irises glowed iridescent. I'd had no idea that this soft, cozy woman had been a part of the front line. It took me a minute to process that. I stared at her, surprised and suddenly more respectful. I'd never taken Comforters very seriously-never had a need before now. They were for those who struggled, for the weak, and it shamed me to be here. Knowing Kathy's history made me feel slightly less awkward with her. She understood strength. â€Å"Did it bother you?† I asked. â€Å"Pretending to be one of them?† â€Å"No, not really. You see, this host was a lot to get used to-there was so much that was new. Sensory overload. Following the set pattern was quite as much as I could handle at first.† â€Å"And Curt†¦ You chose to stay with your host's spouse? After it was over?† This question was more pointed, and Kathy grasped that at once. She shifted in her seat, pulling her legs up and folding them under her. She gazed thoughtfully at a spot just over my head as she answered. â€Å"Yes, I chose Curt-and he chose me. At first, of course, it was random chance, an assignment. We bonded, naturally, from spending so much time together, sharing the danger of our mission. As the university's president, Curt had many contacts, you see. Our house was an insertion facility. We would entertain often. Humans would come through our door and our kind would leave. It all had to be very quick and quiet-you know the violence these hosts are prone to. We lived every day with the knowledge that we could meet a final end at any moment. There was constant excitement and frequent fear. â€Å"All very good reasons why Curt and I might have formed an attachment and decided to stay together when secrecy was no longer necessary. And I could lie to you, assuage your fears, by telling you that these were the reasons. But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She shook her head and then seemed to settle deeper into her chair, her eyes boring into me. â€Å"In so many millennia, the humans never did figure love out. How much is physical, how much in the mind? How much accident and how much fate? Why did perfect matches crumble and impossible couples thrive? I don't know the answers any better than they did. Love simply is where it is. My host loved Curt's host, and that love did not die when the ownership of the minds changed.† She watched me carefully, reacting with a slight frown when I slumped in my seat. â€Å"Melanie still grieves for Jared,† she stated. I felt my head nod without willing the action. â€Å"You grieve for him.† I closed my eyes. â€Å"The dreams continue?† â€Å"Every night,† I mumbled. â€Å"Tell me about them.† Her voice was soft, persuasive. â€Å"I don't like to think about them.† â€Å"I know. Try. It might help.† â€Å"How? How will it help to tell you that I see his face every time I close my eyes? That I wake up and cry when he's not there? That the memories are so strong I can't separate hers from mine anymore?† I stopped abruptly, clenching my teeth. Kathy pulled a white handkerchief from her pocket and offered it to me. When I didn't move, she got up, walked over to me, and dropped it in my lap. She sat on the arm of my chair and waited. I held on stubbornly for half a minute. Then I snatched the little square of fabric angrily and wiped my eyes. â€Å"I hate this.† â€Å"Everybody cries their first year. These emotions are so impossible. We're all children for a bit, whether we intended that or not. I used to tear up every time I saw a pretty sunset. The taste of peanut butter would sometimes do that, too.† She patted the top of my head, then trailed her fingers gently through the lock of hair I always kept tucked behind my ear. â€Å"Such pretty, shiny hair,† she noted. â€Å"Every time I see you it's shorter. Why do you keep it that way?† Already in tears, I didn't feel like I had much dignity to defend. Why claim that it was easier to care for, as I usually did? After all, I'd come here to confess and get help-I might as well get on with it. â€Å"It bothers her. She likes it long.† She didn't gasp, as I half expected she would. Kathy was good at her job. Her response was only a second late and only slightly incoherent. â€Å"You†¦ She†¦ she's still that†¦ present?† The appalling truth tumbled from my lips. â€Å"When she wants to be. Our history bores her. She's more dormant while I'm working. But she's there, all right. Sometimes I feel like she's as present as I am.† My voice was only a whisper by the time I was done. â€Å"Wanderer!† Kathy exclaimed, horrified. â€Å"Why didn't you tell me it was that bad? How long has it been this way?† â€Å"It's getting worse. Instead of fading, she seems to be growing stronger. It's not as bad as the Healer's case yet-we spoke of Kevin, do you remember? She hasn't taken control. She won't. I won't let that happen!† The pitch of my voice climbed. â€Å"Of course it won't happen,† she assured me. â€Å"Of course not. But if you're this†¦ unhappy, you should have told me earlier. We need to get you to a Healer.† It took me a moment, emotionally distracted as I was, to understand. â€Å"A Healer? You want me to skip?† â€Å"No one would think badly of that choice, Wanderer. It's understood, if a host is defective -â€Å" â€Å"Defective? She's not defective. I am. I'm too weak for this world!† My head fell into my hands as the humiliation washed through me. Fresh tears welled in my eyes. Kathy's arm settled around my shoulders. I was struggling so hard to control my wild emotions that I didn't pull away, though it felt too intimate. It bothered Melanie, too. She didn't like being hugged by an alien. Of course Melanie was very much present in this moment, and unbearably smug as I finally admitted to her power. She was gleeful. It was always harder to control her when I was distracted by emotion like this. I tried to calm myself so that I would be able to put her in her place. You are in my place. Her thought was faint but intelligible. How much worse it was getting; she was strong enough to speak to me now whenever she wished. It was as bad as that first minute of consciousness. Go away. It's my place now. Never. â€Å"Wanderer, dear, no. You are not weak, and we both know that.† â€Å"Hmph.† â€Å"Listen to me. You are strong. Surprisingly strong. Our kind are always so much the same, but you exceed the norm. You're so brave it astonishes me. Your past lives are a testament to that.† My past lives maybe, but this life? Where was my strength now? â€Å"But humans are more individualized than we are,† Kathy went on. â€Å"There's quite a range, and some of them are much stronger than others. I truly believe that if anyone else had been put into this host, Melanie would have crushed them in days. Maybe it's an accident, maybe it's fate, but it appears to me that the strongest of our kind is being hosted by the strongest of theirs.† â€Å"Doesn't say much for our kind, does it?† She heard the implication behind my words. â€Å"She's not winning, Wanderer. You are this lovely person beside me. She's just a shadow in the corner of your mind.† â€Å"She speaks to me, Kathy. She still thinks her own thoughts. She still keeps her secrets.† â€Å"But she doesn't speak for you, does she? I doubt I would be able to say as much in your place.† I didn't respond. I was feeling too miserable. â€Å"I think you should consider reimplantation.† â€Å"Kathy, you just said that she would crush a different soul. I don't know if I believe that-you're probably just trying to do your job and comfort me. But if she is so strong, it wouldn't be fair to hand her off to someone else because I can't subdue her. Who would you choose to take her on?† â€Å"I didn't say that to comfort you, dear.† â€Å"Then what -â€Å" â€Å"I don't think this host would be considered for reuse.† â€Å"Oh!† A shiver of horror jolted down my spine. And I wasn't the only one who was staggered by the idea. I was immediately repulsed. I was no quitter. Through the long revolutions around the suns of my last planet-the world of the See Weeds, as they were known here-I had waited. Though the permanence of being rooted began to wear long before I'd thought it would, though the lives of the See Weeds would measure in centuries on this planet, I had not skipped out on the life term of my host. To do so was wasteful, wrong, ungrateful. It mocked the very essence of who we were as souls. We made our worlds better places; that was absolutely essential or we did not deserve them. But we were not wasteful. We did make whatever we took better, more peaceful and beautiful. And the humans were brutish and ungovernable. They had killed one another so frequently that murder had been an accepted part of life. The various tortures they'd devised over the few millennia they'd lasted had been too much for me; I hadn't been able to bear even the dry official overviews. Wars had raged over the face of nearly every continent. Sanctioned murder, ordered and viciously effective. Those who lived in peaceful nations had looked the other way as members of their own species starved on their doorstep. There was no equality to the distribution of the planet's bounteous resources. Most vile yet, their offspring-the next generation, which my kind nearly worshipped for their promise-had all too often been victims of heinous crimes. And not just at the hands of strangers, but at the hands of the caretakers they were entrusted to. Even the huge sphere of the planet had been put into j eopardy through their careless and greedy mistakes. No one could compare what had been and what was now and not admit that Earth was a better place thanks to us. You murder an entire species and then pat yourselves on the back. My hands balled up into fists. I could have you disposed of, I reminded her. Go ahead. Make my murder official. I was bluffing, but so was Melanie. Oh, she thought she wanted to die. She'd thrown herself into the elevator shaft, after all. But that was in a moment of panic and defeat. To consider it calmly from a comfortable chair was something else altogether. I could feel the adrenaline-adrenaline called into being by her fear-shoot through my limbs as I contemplated switching to a more pliant body. It would be nice to be alone again. To have my mind to myself. This world was very pleasant in so many novel ways, and it would be wonderful to be able to appreciate it without the distractions of an angry, displaced nonentity who should have had better sense than to linger unwanted this way. Melanie squirmed, figuratively, in the recesses of my head as I tried to consider it rationally. Maybe I should give up†¦ The words themselves made me flinch. I, Wanderer, give up? Quit? Admit failure and try again with a weak, spineless host who wouldn't give me any trouble? I shook my head. I could barely stand to think of it. And†¦ this was my body. I was used to the feel of it. I liked the way the muscles moved over the bones, the bend of the joints and the pull of the tendons. I knew the reflection in the mirror. The sun-browned skin, the high, sharp bones of my face, the short silk cap of mahogany hair, the muddy green brown hazel of my eyes-this was me. I wanted myself. I wouldn't let what was mine be destroyed.

Casino and American Gaming Association

Gambling is the betting of money on a random outcome. It includes bingo, lotteries, some card games, slot machines and of course many other games that are played in casinos. It is what people consider a personal choice and a form of entertainment. People should not be denied an activity that they enjoy, legalizing gambling would bypass that statement; as for the regulating, addition to the age restriction, government should prevent fraudulent acts from taking place and protect the players. Gambling can create jobs and help the country’s economy; however, the economic benefits are exaggerated and jobs created are usually low paid. It creates jobs in casinos such as security guards and dealers. The jobs are not only in casinos, there are also in hotels and many tourist locations. Gambling is also often used to raise money for the states and good causes by taxing the winnings. However, George Molyneaux, coach of the Scotland schools debating team stated, â€Å"The economic benefits of gambling are exaggerated. They generally created low paid jobs for local people and it is immoral for the states to raise money by exploring stupidity and greed†. This states that jobs created by casinos and gambling are low paid and do not do any good. This statement is not true because casinos actually helped to regenerate places with unemployment, such as Atlantic City in New Jersey. According to American Gaming Association â€Å"In 2002, the commercial casino industry provided more than 350000 jobs in the United States, with wages and benefits totaling $ 11 billion. An estimated 400000 additional jobs are supported by casino industry spending†. In one year that is a lot of employment. And the paychecks aren’t that low. That is more than an elementary school teacher income which is $24,030. â€Å"In 2004, the median earnings of a casino security guard were $24,510† (collegegrad. com). Thus, really gambling helps more that it damages. Gambling is an entertainment, it is a leisure pursuit that people enjoy, but some time it can be addicting resulting in a loss of money. Gamblers know that they are likely to lose money. They still gamble because it is enjoyable. They even get excited about a possibility that they might win, even if they lose they enjoy the experience. However, George Molyneaux claims â€Å"Gambling is addictive; many people start gambling without thinking. Once they get addicted, it is too lateâ€Å". True, gambling can be addictive but adults can control themselves. After all the limiting age is 21, meaning when 21, one is considered an adult and is capable of making comprehensive and conscious choices. According to USplayers. com â€Å"Unlike Drugs, gambling is not physically addictive, it is only psychologically addictive. Treatment programs can address those who are addicted†. People are well aware of the risks of addiction and gambling and should be able to choose how to spend their money. Legalizing gambling would let people to do what they enjoy more freely and in more places. Spending 20 dollars on a 2 hours movie has the same amount of pleasures as betting 20 dollars gambling for 2 hours. One could at least win some money back in gambling. The point is that people enjoy gambling and should not be stopped from doing so, when it actually has benefits. Bottom line, legalization and regulation of gambling are beneficial to both parties: government and the gambler.Work Cited http://www.collegegrad.com/careers/servi24.shtml http://www.usaplayers.com/gambling/questions/why-online-gambling-should-be-legal-in-usa.html

Spanish Verbs of Happening

Spanish Verbs of Happening Spanish has at least three verbs that can mean to happen, and all three of them - pasar, ocurrir and suceder - are fairly common. Although pasar is the most common and can be used in both formal and informal contexts, many times the three verbs are interchangeable. Pasar Uses and Examples As indicated in the lesson on pasar, pasar has a variety of meanings, including to pass in various senses. Here are some examples of where it can be translated as to happen:  ¿Quà © ha pasado con el robo de datos en PlayStation Network? What has happened with the data theft on the PlayStation network?Lo que pasà ³, pasà ³. What happened, happened.Yo no sà © lo que me pasà ³. I dont know what happened to me.Tememos lo que pasar a nuestro alrededor. We fear what will be happening to our vicinity.Es el lugar donde nunca pasa en tiempo. Its the place where nothing happens on time. OcurrirUses and Examples Ocurrir is a cognate of the English to occur and has much the same meaning, although the synonym to happen is a more common translation. Some examples: Esto nunca ocurrir. This will never happen.Espero que ocurra lo que les dice el horà ³scopo de hoy. I hope what todays horoscope is telling you happens. ¿Quà © ocurrià ³ en el accidente del Challenger? What happened in the Challenger accident?Lo mejor que puede ocurrir es que tengo mi dà ­a en corte. The best that can happen is that I have my day in court.Me ocurrià ³ un problema similar. A similar problem happened to me. SucederUses and Examples Suceder also is often used to mean to happen. Note that while suceder is related to the English verb to succeed, it never has the meaning of to have success, although it can mean succeed in the sense of to take the place of as in suceder al trono, to succeed to the throne. Here are some examples of where it means happen: It Happened One Night es conocida en castellano como Sucedià ³ una noche. It Happened One Night is known in Spanish as Sucedià ³ una noche.No debo pensar que a mi nunca me suceder algo malo. I shouldnt think that nothing bad will ever happen to me.Hay diez cosas que seguro que nos sucedieron a todos. There are 10 things Im sure have happened to all of us. ¿Quà © sucede con Fernando? Whats happening with Fernando?En el camino de la vida, muchas cosas suceden. On the road of life, many things happen. Etymology Pasar comes from the Latin verb passare, to pass. Occurir is from the Latin occurrere, to occur. In addition to the meaning of to happen, in the reflexive form ocurrirse can, like occur, also mean to bring to mind: Nunca se me ocurrià ³ que iba a ser actor. It never occurred to me that I was going to become an actor. Suceder comes from the Latin succedere, to follow or to take the place of. Suceder has come to mean to happen in the same way that English speakers give the same meaning to to take place. The shift in English of succeed to mean having success occurred after the verbs meaning was established in Spanish.

STAT 1350, Quiz #9, Summer 2014 Essays - Covariance And Correlation

STAT 1350, Quiz #9, Summer 2014 Essays - Covariance And Correlation STAT 1350, Quiz #9, Summer 2014Name _______________________________________ 1.The correlation between the heights of fathers and the heights of their (adult) sons is r = 0.52. This tells us that A)taller-than-average fathers tend to have taller-than-average sons. B)taller-than-average fathers tend to have shorter-than-average sons. C)sons are, on the average, taller than their fathers. D)52% of all sons are taller than their fathers. E)there is almost no connection between heights of fathers and sons. Ans: A 2.Which of the values below is impossible for the descriptive measure in question? A)r = 1.25 D)Both A and C are correct. B) = 0.2 E)Both B and C are correct. C)s = 3.4 Ans: D 3.A study found correlation r = 0.43 between high school math grades (on a 0 to 100 scale) and income 10 years after high school. This means that A)people with high math grades tend to have higher income than people with low math grades. B)people with low math grades tend to have higher income than people with high math grades. C)there is almost no association between math grades and income. D)a mistake has been made because a correlation cannot be 0.43. E)a mistake has been made because a correlation between math grades and income makes no sense. Ans: A 4.Which of the statements does not contain a statistical blunder? A)There is a strong negative correlation between a persons sex and the amount that he or she pays for automobile insurance. B)The mean height of young women is 64 inches, and the correlation between their heights and weights is 0.6 inches. C)The correlation between height and weight for adult females is about r = 1.2. D)All three prior statements contain blunders. Ans: D 5-8. An education researcher measured the IQ test scores of 78 seventh-grade students in a rural school, and also their school grade point average (GPA) measured on a 12-point scale. Here is a graph of GPA versus IQ for these students: 5.The name for this kind of graph is a A) histogram. B) bivariate plot. C) boxplot. D) scatterplot. Ans: D 6.The IQ score of the student who has the lowest GPA is about A) 103. B) 0.6. C) 72. D) 7.2. Ans: A 7.The graph shows A)a clear positive association. C)a clear negative association. B)very little association. D)a skewed distribution. Ans: A 8.One of these numbers is the correlation r between IQ score and GPA. Which is it? A) r = 0.02 B) r = 0.63 C) r = 0.95 D) r = 0.63 E) r = 0.95 Ans: B 9.Consider the following data: x36715 y36715 The correlation coefficient r is A) 7.6. B) 0.0 C) 1.0. D) 0.6. E) 1.0. Ans: E

The Role of Faith in the Aspirations for a Healthcare Position Essay

The Role of Faith in the Aspirations for a Healthcare Position - Essay Example For a person who does not like to absorb a great deal of risk when making important long-term decisions, the healthcare industry also provides for lucrative and sustainable employment. The role of faith in my aspirations for a healthcare position is substantial. I endeavour to live my life by God’s established principles, recognizing humility when appropriate and responding to others using the Golden Rule. Galatians 5: 22-25 speaks of allowing the Holy Spirit to control our lives, which will help us to carry positive fruits of kindness, goodness, and patience that will benefit those who rely on competent and empathetic healthcare practitioners and policy-makers. I am also inspired by Proverbs 22:1, which states the following principle by which I am strongly motivated: â€Å"A good name is to be chosen rather than great riches, loving favour rather than silver and gold† (Bible Gateway, 1982). The health care industry, for an individual that abides by the Holy Spirit and believes in the teachings of servitude offered by Jesus Christ, offers opportunities to gain the favour of the Lord and of those who are emotionally or physically impacted. Though I recognize the financial benefits of this career path, it is not my first motivation; recognizing that this field provides a high volume of opportunities to improve social welfare, I expect to receive the Lord’s great riches in the form of carrying a good name founded on sensitive healthcare obedience.

How to improve the integration of a poka yoke solution from the user Literature review

How to improve the integration of a poka yoke solution from the user perspective - Literature review Example Sissonen’s research based on the fact that large-scale production systems usually employ mass customization processes and activities with large configurability, requiring highly sophisticated approach2. They argue that lack of mistake-proofing or low level of mistake-proofing can result in too many or severe quality issues in mass production systems. However, Da Silveira, Borenstein and Fogliatto argued that it should also be noted that mass customization cannot be adopted for all types of products, processes or consumers3. The ability to identify reasons for mass customization is important from managerial perspective in order to reinforce predictability of demand, which will eventually spell the success of the product/business. Kaplan, Schoder and Haenlein built their research on Frank and Piller’s proposition that mass customization from a consumer’s perspective has critical implications for managers and the business because this decision usually depends on two factors: the value customers gain by using a mass customized product relative to their needs, and secondly, the returns of a process design that gives optimum results4. Squire et al.’s point that highlights price, quality and technical attributes as the most probable value-creating criteria that determine the need and demand for mass-customized products and processes is indicative of the need for mistake-proofing. Mistake-proofing therefore adds great value to the effectiveness of mass-customization in terms of profits, quality, and business growth5. Examples of mistake-proofing in mass-customization6: a) Machinery with warning lights to highlight improper positioning or usage of parts; b) A device to count the number of holes drilled in a work piece to indicate correct/incorrect number of holes drilled; c) Double verification of passwords in IT systems; d) Signals to indicate open or improperly closed doors in cars etc. e) Automated checking and saving Microsoft Office docu ments. These examples indicate the application of mistake-proofing in mass-customization from product, process, and consumer perspectives. Evans highlights Chase and Stewart’s point that mistake-proofing in mass-customization for services sector should account for both customers’ and service providers’ activities7. Mistake-proofing methods must be set up for various activities involved in providing a particular service, which is characteristic of service industry. For instance, a banking service might provide various facilities to their customers for the same product, like withdrawal of money from ATM, direction transaction with bank, phone, cheque book etc; each of these multiple service options will require efficient mistake-proofing techniques to prevent errors, frauds and losses. Although the error-free activity is the responsibility of the bank, its liaison with manufacturing units is inevitable and the mistake-proofing techniques provided in some of these services are usually fixed by the manufacturers. For instance, for ATM machines to indicate error/fraud, mistake-proofing tools, such as warning lights/signals, need to be incorporated during its manufacturing process. According to Swaminathan, factors in general that necessitate or support mass customization obviously include large scale production and predictable demand, similar products, similar processes, and cost-reduction8.

Understanding the history of community heaath Essay

Understanding the history of community heaath - Essay Example These projects are created in order to serve people within a specific geographic region (Organizing a community health improvement initiative). Therefore, the definition of community health depends on the type of project involved and its objectives. Some projects focus on physical health, while others focus on behavioral health, environmental perspectives or socio – economic factors. The application of community health projects depends on the nature of its definition. (Organizing a community health improvement initiative). Population oriented healthcare is based on the health of individuals and families who make up that community. It is essential in population oriented health care programmes to recognize the environment of the population at which the program is targeted. This enhances the chances of promoting overall health. Therefore, population oriented health care can be defined as interventions that seek to prevent disease and promote health, in order to enhance the overall health profile of a community (Lundy and Janes). In the early 1960’s people of disadvantaged populations could not access health care facilities. To address the problem, the government implemented the Great Society programs. The cost of healthcare was on the increase. Healthcare for the elderly was disproportionately expensive. Subsequently, Congress implemented the Medicare Program and Medicaid programs, in order to succor the disadvantaged and the poor people. The ambit of these programs was further expanded, so as to include disabled people and people suffering from chronic kidney ailments (Shi and Singh). Subsequently, in the late nineteenth century, cancer screening and immunization services were included in the Medicaid program. In 1997, the government made a budgetary allocation of twenty – four million dollars to implement State Children’s Health Insurance Program. This program