Grapes Of Wrath - Allusion :: essays research papers

Text"He held the apple recess against his chest. And then he leaned over and set the box in the stream and steadied it with his hand. He said fiercely, "Go guttle an tell em. Go down in the street an rot an tell em that way....Maybe theyll know then." He guided the box mildly out into the current and let it go" (493)."I figgered, maybe its exclusively men an all(prenominal)(prenominal) women we love maybe thats the Holy Sperit- the human sperit-the whole shebang. Maybe all men got one big soul everbodys a contribution of. Now I sat there thinkin it, an all of a suddent- I knew it. I knew it so deep down that it was true, and I still know it..." (25)."If you could expose causes from results, if you could know that Paine, Marx, Jefferson, Lenin, were results, not causes, you might survive" (166).Analysis/ CommentaryUncle Johns motivated action alludes to the twaddle of the baby Moses. To save her baby from slavery, Moses mother sets the infant purposeless in a basket. Similarly, Uncle John feels he is freeing the baby from the migrants miserable condition.Jim Casy, an ex-preacher, constantly shares his thoughts and philosophies about life. throughout the novel, he indirectly alludes to Jesus Christ. Casy believes that men are holy, and afterward he, just like Jesus, is killed for opposing human cruelty and suffering.The author explains that the ideas of Paine, Marx, Jefferson and Lenin were not causes of the American Revolution. Rather, they were results of the scratchy living conditions. Steinbeck warns the farmers that the only way to survive the sudden changes is to show the difference between the causes and results of their hopeless situation.Evidence/ Quotations from the Text"But then he says, It aint so bad if you know. He says, French Revolution-all them fellas that figgered her out got their heads chopped off. Always that way, he says" (424)."Ma said, This heres my girl, Rosasharon" (346).Analys is/ CommentaryCasys jail mate assuages his condition by comparing it to the eld of the French Revolution. During the Revolution, a group of radicals (the Jacobins) attempted to crush all opposition within France.Grapes Of Wrath - Allusion essays research papers Text"He held the apple box against his chest. And then he leaned over and set the box in the stream and steadied it with his hand. He said fiercely, "Go down an tell em. Go down in the street an rot an tell em that way....Maybe theyll know then." He guided the box gently out into the current and let it go" (493)."I figgered, maybe its all men an all women we love maybe thats the Holy Sperit- the human sperit-the whole shebang. Maybe all men got one big soul everbodys a part of. Now I sat there thinkin it, an all of a suddent- I knew it. I knew it so deep down that it was true, and I still know it..." (25)."If you could separate causes from results, if you could know that Paine, Marx, Jefferson, Lenin, were results, not causes, you might survive" (166).Analysis/ CommentaryUncle Johns motivated action alludes to the tale of the baby Moses. To save her baby from slavery, Moses mother sets the infant adrift in a basket. Similarly, Uncle John feels he is freeing the baby from the migrants miserable condition.Jim Casy, an ex-preacher, constantly shares his thoughts and philosophies about life. Throughout the novel, he indirectly alludes to Jesus Christ. Casy believes that men are holy, and later he, just like Jesus, is killed for opposing human cruelty and suffering.The author explains that the ideas of Paine, Marx, Jefferson and Lenin were not causes of the American Revolution. Rather, they were results of the harsh living conditions. Steinbeck warns the farmers that the only way to survive the sudden changes is to understand the difference between the causes and results of their hopeless situation.Evidence/ Quotations from the Text"But then he says, It aint so bad if you know. He says, French Revolution-all them fellas that figgered her out got their heads chopped off. Always that way, he says" (424)."Ma said, This heres my girl, Rosasharon" (346).Analysis/ CommentaryCasys jail mate assuages his condition by comparing it to the days of the French Revolution. During the Revolution, a group of radicals (the Jacobins) attempted to crush all opposition within France.

The Impact of Societal and Economic Changes upon the Family Essay

Family and society have come across m whatsoever changes during our history. all(prenominal) change that occurred has affected what many people would call the Benchmark Family (S ceasezoni 7). This is considered the perfect family or the norm. The Family would consist of the husband that is the breadwinner and the wife who is responsible for raising the children, and taking assist of the home (Scanzoni 4). Society has changed dramatically from the 19th century. These changes in turn have affected Family. Many factors through the years have been responsible for these changes. Feminism is a tremendous factor that is still having its effect on family and society today. Another factor is employment. Women in the workplace have changed family structure over the years. Sex is too a factor that changed family and society in many ways. I will explore these factors and show what effect they have on family. Feminism impacted family in a tremendous way. In the Jacksonian Era the notion was th at men had divine right to rule over women (Scanzoni 104). People believed that men had certain characteristics that enabled them to be better outside the home, for the purpose of supporting his family. Women were believed to be fragile and over sensitive for the harsh workplace (Scanzoni 104). Society also had certain rules that had to be followed by the public to keep society stable. These rules were mainly developed through the bible and religious institutions. During the 19th century religion was an important part of peoples lives. Religion fundamentally laid to the people what was right and wrong. Religion was very influential during this period. A person believed, what the church said about how they should live was what god wanted and dictated in the Bible (Scanzoni 103). For many years people lived their lives the way the church wanted them too. Then the start of Feminism occurred, women began to say God sees the genders as equals concord to the Bible (Scanzoni107). Women s tarted to raise questions about different issues in regards to equal treatment. This is when family change started. Men were happy with societies take on women. Men did not want any change to occur. Men felt everything was the way it was suppose to be. Women started to become to a greater extent involved in other aspects of life besides homemaking. Women wanted what was initialed to them, which was equal... ...out the working family than it does today. The mid-fifties seem to have less life threatening diseases. For one thing AIDS was not an issue. I know there were diseases save not to an pestiferous levels as AIDS. Cancer was not as wide spread as today. It also seems to me people had more respect for the land. People did not litter, and appreciated where they lived more than today. People were also friendlier to each other. People just got along better with their neighbors.Some may say that the 1950s were more strict and oppressed than today. It was, but it kept society stable and crime down. There has to be some sort of rules, whether they are societal rules or law. This is what keeps a stable environment. Of course you can never please everybody, and it is of opinion what is the best time in our history. I just feel that things were less problematic during the 1950s era. Works CitedScanzoni, John present-day(a) Families and Relationships Reinventing ResponsibilityNew York McGraw Hill, 1995 P 4, 7, 102, 103, 104, 107, 111, 114, 120, 123, 130, 132, 139Skolnick, Arlene, Jerome H. Skolnick Family In Transition Ten Edition New York Addison , 1999 P 21, 44, 51

Case Study Analysis: Union Carbide Corporation And Bhopal Essay

The Political, Social, and Legal Environment of BusinessCase Study Analysis Union Carbide Corporation and BhopalA single slip in action may cause lasting sorrow. A slight mis call in in operation at a Union Carbide pesticide kit and boodle in Bhopal of India causes a lot of deaths and injuries. What a tragedy it is. Undoubtedly, there must be something wrong with the management of the plant.In addition to the plant, the government activitys related in India that issued permits and provided incentives for the plant, Bhopal community officials who permitted slum dwellers to move near the plant in illegal settlements, Indian environmental and safety inspectors should also be responsible for this. The governments related in India issued permits because people need jobs, or people would thirst to death. This was whizz reason in my opinion. Soft money from Union Carbide plant may be an otherwise reason for issuing permits. It was clearly that the governments in the States would not is sue a permit to Union Carbide plant under such circumstances, which lacked of severe environmental standards and permitted slum dwellers to live near the plant and so on. Such actions were the fuses leading to more deaths. Before the major gas leakage from the MCI unit on December 3, 1984, some people were killed because of phosgene gas leakage. However, no one took it seriously in spite of the report by media. One of the reasons that people ignore this was because people didnt know the potential danger of the chemical plant. The other reason was that there are not enough environmental inspectors to cover so many plants in India. Besides, those inspectors had a record of loose enforcement. Consequently, danger emerged solely as the saying goes Nothing comes of nothing.As for the management of Union Carbides Bhopal plant, some steps indeed needed to be improved. Let us take a look at the whole process of the gas leak and see what actions can be improved. The first mistake in my opin ion was that R. Khan, an actor in the MIC complex, neglected to insert a slip blind above the point of water entry. This omission violated instructions in the MIC processing manual, the skillful manual that set forth procedures established by the chemical engineers who set up the plant. Obviously, the plant failed to emphasize the importance of obeying the processing manual and the danger of disobeying ... ...nk he should be responsible for the whole case. In other words, he should resign for the whole incident. Generally speaking, the legal system didnt play a actually active role in this case. First of all, the India government could do more on digging the truth of the gas leak out and set a more strict standard to regulate such dangerous plants in case that another crisis. Second, I didnt see any one who worked in the Union Carbides Bhopal plant should be responsible for that tragedy. Does it mean that all that the India court wanted was money or it just wanted to reduce lad der and subsequent appeals because it might have taken more than twenty years?To sum up, Union Carbide handled the crisis cleverly but not well enough because it knew what would the India government and court react to this incident. Union Carbide controlled the whole situation and took lead of the lawsuits itself. The India government and court didnt help those victims as much as they needed instead. The solve of government, designed to protect its people, disappeared in this case.BIBLIOGRAPHYUnion Carbide Corporation And Bhopal, in Steiner and Steiner, pp.147-161.

Drug Abuse Among Teens :: Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse

Introductiondo drugss abuse is serious problem in the United States, especially among teenagers. According to National Drug Intelligence condense (2003) 7.5 million American adolescents aged 12 to 17 used drugs at least once during their lifetime. Teens start to experiment with drugs from a young age and do not think about drugs negative consequences. Butler (2010) claims that drug addiction will lead to problems at university or school and loss of alertness, which can rush to injury. Also it will affect mood, change system of values and lead to depression. As a result, teenagers who use drugs have a risk for suicide. Nowadays, they abuse two legal and illegal drugs. Also drug accessibility is one of the causes of adolescent abuse. The majority of teenagers aged 12-17 get it easily from friends or relatives. (Office of National Drug run across Policy 2007). Moreover there are other possible factors, such as pressure from friends, low self-appraisal, stress, relationships with p arents. This essay will look at drug abusing problem among teenagers in the United States and analyse in detail possible reasons and solutions for drug addiction.BackgroundTeenagers abuse a variety of drugs. Any of them both legal and illegal can have immediate or long term health consequences. As reported by NIDA in 2003 year 40.2 percent of broad(prenominal) school students had used marijuana. Majuana is the illegal narcotic. Youths who used it before 17-years-olds indicated smaller brain and they are smaller in height and weight than teens who used marijuana by and by age 17. In addition, marijuana adversely affect on memory, distorts the perception of sound, time, touch for short term. American teens use inhalant as well. Adolescent honor it in spray paint, glue and shoe polish. TeenDrugAbuse.us states, that regular use of inhalants can result in heart disease, liver and kidney damages. Also the most common drugs among jejuneness in United States are ecstasy, cocaine, cra ck, speed and heroin. Legal drugs such as prescribed medications and alcohol is popular today. Moreover, according to the Office of National Drug halt Policy in 2005 year 2.1 million teenagers abused prescription drugs and these drugs are the most common among 12-13-years-olds. Also American Academy of Child & Adolescent psychological medicine claim that drug use is increased risk poor judgment which may lead to accidents, violence, suicide and unplanned, unsafe sex, which may cause HIV.Factors That Influence Teenagers to Drug AbuseFirstly, home and family are major factor.

Puerto Ricans Immigrating to America Essay -- Puerto Rican History Cul

Puerto Ricans Immigrating to America The migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States occurred in two major beats. The first wave was in the 1910s-1940s and the second wave was from the 1960s to the 1990s. Each wave of migrants brought new generations of Puerto Ricans to the United States. Both waves of migrants believed that they were going to live a better life in America and migrated to major cities much(prenominal) as New York City, Chicago, Hartford, etc. The early migrants looked for industrial jobs such as in cigar factories while the later migrants found agricultural work such as in tobacco fields. The communities in which they lived grew larger and larger due to chain migration and because of this, the need for government activity evolved. However, the type of politics that evolved as a result were several(predicate) for each wave, yet had many similarities as well. If you would like to learn a little more about Puerto Rican migration itself, read Jamie Hellman s paper and Shakira Ramos which goes into more depth. Class politics was the major form of politics that evolved during the early half of the twentieth century. According to Bernardo Vega, the tabaqueros were the only organized group in existence. They formed many clubs whose membership was non limited to Puerto Ricans only. Although the clubs consisted mainly of Cuban and Puerto Ricans, other people of different ethnic origins were members. One reason for this can be that the main leaders were exiles who had radical views and precious change quick. Their concern was of homeland issues and they fought for independence from Spain. Concentrating on home issues, they paid no attention to their hostland (meaning America) issues because they lived with the belief that they were... ...from The Commuter Nation Perspectives on Puerto Rican Migration, ed. By Carlos Antonio Torre, Hugo Rodriguez Vecchini, and William Burgos. (Rio Piedras, PR Editorial de la Universidad de Pue rto Rico, 1994), 313-328 2. James Dietz, Migration and International Corporations The Puerto Rican Model of Development, ed. By Carlos Antonio Torre, Hugo Rodriguez Vecchini, and william Burgos. (Rio Piedras, PR Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994), 153-170 3. Tom Seidl, Janet Shenk, and Adrian DeWind, The San Juan Shuttle Puerto Ricans on Contract, from The Puerto Ricans Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. by Adalberto Lopez. 2d. Ed. (New York Shenkman, 1980), 417-431 . Video Palante, Siempre Palante The Story of the Young Lords Party, Written and Directed by Iris Morales.

Puerto Ricans Immigrating to America Essay -- Puerto Rican History Cul

Puerto Ricans Immigrating to America The migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States occurred in two major flaps. The first wave was in the 1910s-1940s and the second wave was from the 1960s to the 1990s. Each wave of migrants brought new generations of Puerto Ricans to the United States. Both waves of migrants believed that they were going to live a better life in America and migrated to major cities such as New York City, Chicago, Hartford, etc. The early migrants looked for industrial jobs such as in cigar factories while the later migrants found rural work such as in tobacco fields. The communities in which they lived grew larger and larger due to chain migration and because of this, the need for politics evolved. However, the type of politics that evolved as a result were different for each wave, yet had many similarities as well. If you would like to learn a little more about Puerto Rican migration itself, read Jamie Hellmans motif and Shakira Ramos which goes int o more depth. Class politics was the major form of politics that evolved during the early half of the twentieth century. According to Bernardo Vega, the tabaqueros were the only organized group in existence. They organise many clubs whose membership was not limited to Puerto Ricans only. Although the clubs consisted principal(prenominal)ly of Cuban and Puerto Ricans, other people of different ethnic origins were members. One reason for this can be that the main leaders were exiles who had radical views and wanted change quick. Their concern was of homeland issues and they fought for independence from Spain. Concentrating on home issues, they paid no attention to their hostland (meaning America) issues because they lived with the belief that they were... ...from The Commuter people Perspectives on Puerto Rican Migration, ed. By Carlos Antonio Torre, Hugo Rodriguez Vecchini, and William Burgos. (Rio Piedras, PR Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994), 313-328 2. James Dietz, Migration and International Corporations The Puerto Rican Model of Development, ed. By Carlos Antonio Torre, Hugo Rodriguez Vecchini, and william Burgos. (Rio Piedras, PR Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994), 153-170 3. Tom Seidl, Janet Shenk, and Adrian DeWind, The San Juan Shuttle Puerto Ricans on Contract, from The Puerto Ricans Their History, Culture, and Society, ed. by Adalberto Lopez. 2d. Ed. (New York Shenkman, 1980), 417-431 . Video Palante, Siempre Palante The Story of the Young Lords Party, Written and Directed by Iris Morales.

Large Pizza, Extra Cheese, Extra Norovirus

You cant stand it. You open the door and generously greet the beauty youve been waiting a whole hour for. Your taste buds are teasing you. Craving the molten melted cheese topped with every(prenominal) one of your favorite meats and vegetables. It shines like its just been on a treadmill for 3 hours before landing right in your drop deads, in a perfectly folded box. The ten dollar and fifty cent beauty is every last(predicate) yours, and its calling your name. Nothing can go wrong, until it hits you.The mixture of vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and a fever, all because you thought you could trust what was hand delivered to your doorstep. Instead of getting what was paid for, youve gotten a big pizza pie full of Noro viruses. On March 3rd, 2008, A locally possess pizza place in Overland Park, Kansas named Pizza Shoppe was in the middle of a huge controversy. While business hours on this day, 10 cases of a foodborne unwellness was reported. In response, an outbreak investigation was initiated by the Johnson County Health Department and the Kansas Department of Health.One of those 10 cases was one of their own employees. 10 customers reported symptoms of nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting about 2 to 3 hours after eating lunch at the restaurant. The employees of the day were sent to answer a thorough questionnaire about the information on individual unsoundness history, food consumption history and hours worked during the 7-day time period. The results came back positive. All of the specimens that were taken from the sick people came back positive with a food borne illness called Norovirus Gastroenteritis.So where did it stick from? What ca apply it to be such a violent outbreak? An inspection was carried out by the Kansas Department of Health on March 4th, 2008. After an initial walkthrough of the business, the biggest culprits were two dented cans of pizza sauce that are used to make the pizzas every day, no use by dates on any food items, and employee bare hand contact with ready to eat foods and toppings. The biggest culprit of all would have had to be bare hand contact with the foods and the employees.Since one of the employees reported symptoms of Norovirus Gastroenteritis as well, this cogency of single handedly caused the ten others to get sick as well. A sure sign of a physical contamination, at its finest. A norovirus is a type of virus that can be caused by tainted water, or human fecal matter. The symptoms to this virus include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pains. Although, this virus cannot multiply in food, it can be carried into the food by bad food handling habits.It can be easily stoped through sanitary food safety precautions that can be used when training employees, to reduce an outbreak from happening. There is no specific medicine to treat people with a norovirus illness. Norovirus infection cannot be treated with antibiotics because it is a viral infection instead of a bacterial one. If you have norovirus illness, you should drink plenty of liquids to replace fluid lost from throwing up and diarrhea symptoms. This will help prevent dehydration.Consequentially, the restaurant obtained 3 health violations and was forced to change their vendor. This also caused the media to report on the restaurant negatively, and in turn, caused the restaurant business for many months following the outbreak. gratefully nobody died but necessary sanitation precautions for employees were put into effect to ease the possibility of a future outbreak. So next time your order a pizza, take a good look into the cheese glimmering back at you. Every deliciously cheesy piece could be your last.

Chinese Fireworks Essay

The Chinese fireworks assiduity thrived the late 1970s, and grew to curb up 90 % of the worlds fireworks merchandise sales. However, starting from the mid-1990s, safety concerns led presidential terms both in china and abroad to set up stricter regulations. At the same time, there was rapid incurth in the deem of small family-run fireworks workshops, whose relentless bell-cutting drove elaborate profit margins. . Jerry Yu is an Ameri contribute-born Chinese in New York who has been invited to invest fireworks factory in Liuyang, Hunan.The industry analysis, estimating the industryattractiveness, and proposing contingent ways to improve the industry attractiveness from an separate investors point of view, has been presented in this report. Other investment options atomic number 18 introduced for the investor in this report. IntroductionSituated in the Hunan province of China, Liuyang has a greater concentration of fireworks manufacturers than any(prenominal)place else in the world. Liuyang currently produces close 65% of the worlds fireworks. In fact it has over 1,000 factories in Liuyang each specializing in a specific product, and so there argon factories making altogether sparklers, only firecrackers, etc. To support these factories, Liuyang to a fault has related manufacturing such as chemical processing, paper mills, f white plague factories, print factories.It in like manner has a highly skilled fireworks workforce. These factors make Liuyang the most economical place to manufacture fireworks. Furtherto a greater extent, the support of the local government makes Liuyang a fireworks friendly environment. Liuyang has been producing fireworks for more(prenominal) than 1300 divisions. The earliest fireworks were produced in the Tang Dynasty (618-907), and Chinese fireworks manufacturing began to flourish during the Song Dynasty.During the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty (1644 -1911), Liuyang was honored to be the official supplier of fireworks to the royal families. After 1949 government- run factories replaced the family- own workshops. Since 1979 legal restrictions, local protectionism, aggressive price rivalry, hard to penetrate distri scarceion channels drop limited the domestic sales of Liuyang fireworks. The Chinese fireworks industry thrived after China adopted the open door policy in the late 1970s, and grew to make up 90% of the worlds fireworks export sales.Chinese companies began to export fireworks to more than 20 countries and regions. Today, Chinese fireworks ar amongst the best in the world and the quality and variety of the pyrotechnics. But on the other hand, the Chinese fireworks industry also has weaknesses. Indeed, the fireworks industry in general is unstable. In terms of quality, packaging and timing devices. There are paradoxs with distribution channels in which it is hard for companies to penetrate realized chain of delivery. The most common form of factory in Chinese fireworks indus try is the family-run workshop which is poorly funded and lacks R&D capital, and managerial input.The competition is increase bythe emergence of a huge amount of small companies. The abundance of small, flexible, competitive shops has created a climate of intense commercial rivalry. It is common that certain companies copy any popular product design and sell it for much less prices than government-owned or some collectively-owned factories, which results in price drop, and this fact has become a serious problem for the whole industry. Furthermore, contrary competitors also threaten the Chinese fireworks industry. Therefore, whether to invest in this industry is still a challenge to most investors.The objective of this report is to discuss the investor on his decision to invest to a Liuyang fireworks industry or consider other alternatives. Proposals on how to improve the attractiveness and the competitiveness of Chinese fireworks industry at a long-run level are presented. To ach ieve this objective, an industry analysis is carried out, using Evironmental analysis and Porters Five-Force model analysis, and a gross conclusions are drawn based on the analyses and suggestions. The Environmental analysis describes a framework of macro-environmental factors.The models factors vary in importance to a given community based on its industry. Porters v forces model aims to examine the competitive status of an industry. According to this model, the nature of the competition that determines industry structure is personified in the following five forces bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products or services, and rivalry among common competitors. These five forces are very signifi quartert for strategy formulation of a company can watch. constancy AnalysisEach industry is different, and to be able to provide the requirement information for the investor the analysis of the industry environment and F ive- Forces analysis on the state of the market of Chinese fireworks give be completed.Environmental AnalysisBefore creating personal line of credit plans or making decisions, it is important to scan the external environment. This can be achieved through an Environmental analysis, which is an investigation of the demographic, political, economic, social and technological influences on an industry. Itis a tool to identify changes in a business environment that can create great opportunities for the fireworks industry and cause significant threats.Demographic factorsChinas community growth rate is only 0.47% and the population of Liuyang is estimated of 1,278,928 by 2010. The Chinese domestic market is expanding and has potential to grow. Despite the fact that the market is faced with a number of the legal restrictions, a very intense price competition, local protectionism and difficulties to penetrate distribution channels there are still a number of opportunities to succeed in the fireworks industry.The foreign direct investment has opened up in China lately. Considering a global population growth rate of around 1.14% per year and a number of baby booms worldwide, an international market has a big potential to expand. Economic factorsHeavy competition in the market is faced with rock-bottom prices and profit margins affecting the whole industry. There has been an increase in level of income, better and increased job opportunities to the workforce in emerging markets. This is good for the industry with increased rent, but it is a disadvantage when skilled workers are lost to a different industry. The industry will be faced with constant increase cost of labor and raw materials. technologicalThere is not much technological macrocosm in Fireworks production process or new kinds of innovations in the industry. The raw materials basically remained the same. Although machines could now complete some manual processes, the process technology also basically re mained the same. The R&D investments hit been low when compared to regeneration in manufacturing, mixing and process improvements.This led to some concerns over quality issues. Initially there was not much R&D, so in response the government began initiatives aimed at upgrading the traditional fireworks industry. There were new technological competitors that were being developed. On the positive side, the internet has become a large means of procuring fireworks for foreign customers. Socio Cultural factorsThe green-house gases emitted globally are on the rise affecting our environment every day. Lately, there is greater concern and consciousness towards the environment. The industry will have to deal with this callable to environmental impacts. Due to advanced technology and other improvements, there are numerous other alternative options. Lately there are many other outdoor activities such as optical maser shows with music and water fountains with music. However, the demand an d usage of fireworks along with these is still dominant. each over the world, there is a safety concern for either display or employment of fireworks. Political / Legal factorsThere are both advantageous and disadvantageous aspects. unmatched disadvantage is the safety issues associated with fireworks that resulted in them being heavily regulated in most countries. This industry is still highly regulated in most countries receivable to the nature of this product. Regulation exists at all stages right from manufacturing, distribution and consumption phase. Maximum impact to safety is during production process and quality of raw materials used. fabrication faced with ever increasing environmental impact and concerns globally. Another disadvantage is that there is no pricing regulation. The legal system is not strong equal in China to enforce protection of intellectual property rights, copying of brand, identity and duplicates. One advantage, however, is the offensive strategy app lied in 1997, which resulted in many legal restrictions being lifted. One in particular that was eased was foreign direct investment.Global factorsFireworks are manufactured not only in China, but in many other south East Asian countries. Globally emerging markets and developed markets are the primary importers of fireworks and the demand has been steadily increasing. Increased use of fireworks across nations traditionally has been during their major holidays such as Chinese New Year, July 4th in US, etc. There is also evidence of additional consumption in developed and emerging markets. Demographic TrendsChinas population growth rate is 0.47%Worlds population growth rate is 1.14%Socio-cultural Influencesenvironmentally conscious societyFireworks are a huge tradition in ChinaMacroeconomic ImpactsDue to heavy competition, the market is faced with reduced prices Industry with increased demandWorkers are lost to a different industryThe industry faces with constant increase in cost of l abor and raw materials. pick out of domestic market is decliningExport sales are risingPolitical-legal PressureHighly regulated industry-manufacturing-distribution-consumptionNo protection for-intellectual property rights-copying of brand-identity-duplicatesTechnological DevelopmentsLow R&D investmentNew kinds of innovations in industryQuality issuesGlobal Trade IssuesGlobally emerging marketsSteadily increasing demand-New Year celebration-major celebrations as Olympics etc.Fireworks is manufactured in many other south East Asian countries and EuropeFive-Force ModelBargaining author of SuppliersThe bargaining power of suppliers is low because of the large number of suppliers of raw materials available, a limited product differentiation among fireworks products and just variation in the quality. Bargaining king of BuyersThe bargaining power of buyers is high due to a steadily increasing demand for fireworks both domestically and internationally and very low switching costs. The cu stomers in fireworks and firecrackers market can be divided into individuals and business units such as government institutions, private associations or general companies. Every country has different regulations about manufacturing, selling and using fireworks and firecrackers. Because more and more countries prohibit the public launching fireworks and firecrackers, the individuals market declined dramatically.In the contrast, the business units market went up because in the display fireworks market, the buyers were oft central and local governments who purchase product for public shows on national holidays or special celebrations. The foreign buyers have a high power due to the high demand in international market. Besides, foreign buyers are very well-informed and dealing usually directly with the factories, which results in high power as well. Threat of New EntrantsThe threat for new entrants is high. The opportunity for potential entrants is high due to the fact that the capital requirement for establishing a fireworks factory is very low. The economy of scale is high and the brand identification within this industry is relatively low. Furthermore, there is easy access to a labor force, materials and suppliers plus easy licensingprocess. All these facts provide very good opportunities for the new companies to enter this industry. Threat of Substitute Products or ServicesIn terms of the threat of substitute products or services, several(prenominal) modern technologies already are applied in some performances, firecrackers still cannot be replaced because firecrackers present certain meanings and culture. Furthermore, fireworks can create several kinds of patterns in the publicize such as peony, ground bloom flower, etc. No real substitutes can replace fireworks. There are substitutes such as make-believe firecrackers and laser beams that have potential to replace the firecrackers in the future. RivalryRivalry of the fireworks industry is high due to the f act that it is easy to enter the industry and the exit hindrance is low. There is also a little differentiation among products which makes competition even fiercer. According to exhibit one in the case, firecrackers and fireworks total revenue in China increased 36 % from 2007 to 2009.The revenue went up 68 % from 750.000.000 USD to 1.262.500.000 USD. Most factories are dominated by small family-owned and operated workshops and most of the employees in the factories are regular farmers who had learn how to make fireworks just by watching and following their elders. As a result, those factories only manufactured fireworks instead of designing fireworks.In terms of international rivalry, a number of different brands has become well known around the world, Chinese fireworks have lower reputation in quality control and packing equivalence to the products made in Japan or Korea. In addition, some fireworks merchants will buy the products from China and repackage them, then resell the m for much higher price. Domestic competition and foreign competition is very high.Assessment of the industry attractivenessEvery industry has life cycle includes introduction phase including early phase and innovation phase, growth phase, maturity phase and decline phase. The Chinese fireworks industry is no long-run in a period of growth and has begun to plateau. As a result, it is its maturity phase now. However, if the investor can input different strategy into this sunset industry,fireworks industry will probably start another(prenominal) life cycle.The investor can nidus on high-end market and provide unique products and service in order to gain high profits. A good business model can make a company to succeed but it may presume time and investment capital in order to prepare the company to start another life cycle. Fireworks industry is still a global opportunity because every country still has fireworks shows every year and the scare seems to become larger and larger. The revenue in both domestic the international market still also grows up.Implementation considerationsThis analysis indicates that rivalry of fireworks industry is extremely high and hence, if the company was to stand in competition, it should make great effort to differentiate their strategies to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. There are opportunities in this sunset industry if the company can build a totally new infrastructure. In terms of infrastructure and product development the investor should focus on the product diverseness and SOP (Standard direct Procedures) management to have more competitiveness to their rivals. First of all the investor should concentrate on R&D to produce the fireworks that can shoot long duration and safely.R&D department also has to develop more environment-friendly fireworks by changing materials. Every New Year, most of the big cities in the world will schedule the large-scale fireworks displays. Those displays all are high altitude fi reworks. However, more and more cities regulate the consumption and launch of the fireworks and firecrackers because of increased concerns about environmental pollution and safety. Launching fireworks becomes a business program to attract domestic and international tourists. Investor should recruit more young employees with art and design background to make fireworks to a brilliant shows. Furthermore, investor should enforce training programs such as enhancing working safety classes and machining.Experienced employees also need to learn new skills and learn how to work more efficiently. Labor costs in China are relatively low compared with that in Japan and Korea. As a result, fireworks made from China always have price superiority to provide lower price. Since Liuyang is investors hometown, he can also understand the working culture in China and can more easily to manage the local employees.Doing business with the Chinese government is not easy because interpersonal relationship i s a very important element. Bureaucracy is also a problem. In contrast, the export market is not easy, either. Unfortunately, many products made in China have a doubtful reputation.Investor has to reverse the company imagine. Creating a brand identity costs long period of time and money. However, once the brand becomes famous and international one, customers will trust the quality of the produces from the company and the revalue of company will also increase because of brand value. The company can attend more international exhibition to get popularity and also focus on quality control and time control. Investor should reorganized the company structure and improve the equipment in my company to pass international identification and put more budgets in marketing to enlarge the popularity of the company.The company can sponsor different international events such as Olympic, etc. In terms of technological development fireworks and firecrackers displays can still combine with laser beam , computerized firing and music accompaniment to strengthen the visual, audio and emotional effects. Moreover, the investor should focus on the fireworks display design. What the company sells is not only the fireworks themselves but also the ideas of how to present more colorful modeling during the displays. The company should put more creativity into the display to make impossible turn to possible and impress all audiences. Most fireworks displays are launched at night.However, some events take place during a daytime, which can also be an opportunity for the company to divert itself from its rivals. Establishing relationships with universities worldwide and develop prototypes for new fireworks can help a brand building and for the company. Another strategy is to establish strategic alliances with other companies like suppliers, government agencies, distributors, etc. Such relationships can develop synergy that thrives in the industry and help to gain access to better quality raw materials at cheapest price and absorb foreign direct investments to improve equipment, capital and the above R&D facility.Jerry Yu should be prepared that all those changes, both internal and external, will take time to implement and require capital investment. Probably in terms of long-term investment the fireworks industry will sooner or later excite towards more environmentally friendly industry and use substitutes more and more. RecommendationsConsidering Chinas one-child policy has led to one of the worlds largest elderly populations. somewhat 10 percent of the population is expected to be over 65 by 2015 and, by 2050, the average age in China is forecast to be nearly 45 one of the oldest in the world. Additionally, some 20 percent of the population is already suffering from liver disease, cancer, diabetes and similar inflictions, and this number is likely to grow alongside its aging population. Private healthcare expenditures are expected to grow another 36 percent by 2015 to over US$200 billion.The undefiled medical services market is expected to reach US$500 billion by 2015. So if Jerry Yu may consider other investment opportunities I would advise him to invest in Chinas medical industry and health care industry. In terms of more sustainable investments for a longer period of time the health care industry is more attractive both domestically and internationally.ReferencesBeamish, Paul W. Chinese Fireworks Industry Revised. Richard Ivey School of Business. 2011 Porter E. Michael. The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review. 2008 T. Hesketh and W. X. Zhu. The healthcare market. BMJ. 2007 May 21http//www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-10/24/content_6201487.htm http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_09.htmsthash.gasxWHcJ.dpuf http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/external-environment/pest-analysis.htmlixzz2fnrTq

Best practices in project quality management/leadership for information technology Essay

Most people simply accept low fibre from many information engineering (IT) products. So what if ones laptop computing machine crashes a couple of times a week? Just ensure there is back up for data. So what if one do-nothingnot log in to the condescension intranet or the internet right now? Just attempt a little later when it is less busy. So what if the latest version of word- bordering softwargon was shipped with several(prenominal) bugs? One may like the softwares new features, and entirely new software has bugs. Is character a real problem with information technology witnesss?Yes, it is IT is not just a luxury available in some offices, homes, or schools. Firms throughout the world provide employees with access to computing machines. The majority of people in the US use the internet, and usage in other countries continues to expand rapidly. It took only six years for 60 million people to use the internet compared to 20 years for 60 million to use cell phones (Kathy, 200 8, p. 292). Many issues of individual and or group lives depend on high- fictitious character IT products.Food is produced and distributed with the help of computers vehicles have computer chips to monitor performance students use computers to aid them learn in school organizations depend on technology for many business functions and millions of people depend on technology for entertainment and individual communications (Kathy, 2008). Many IT chores develop mission-critical systems that are utilized in life-and-death circumstances. Such as navigation systems on aircraft and computer components built into medical equipment.Financial institutions and their customers similarly depend on high-quality information systems. Clients get very upset when systems present inaccurate data or exhibit information to unauthorized people that could result to identity theft. When any of these systems collapses, it is much more(prenominal) than a mere inconvenience (Taguchi, 2004). 1. 1 Definiti ons Before one send packing enhance the quality of IT projects, it is good to understand the fundamental concepts of project quality guidance. Indeed, it is hard to define project quality concern.According to the international organization for normalization (ISO) quality can be delimitate as the totality of features of an organization that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied requirements (Kathy, 2008). It can also be defined as the extent to which a set of inherent features fulfils ask (ISO9000). Other professionals define quality based on adherence to needs and fitness for use. Adherence to needs means projects products and processes meet laid down specifications. Fitness for use implies a product can be used as it was intended.The purpose of project quality management is to make sure that the project will fulfill the requirements for which it was undertaken. Project management involves among others things meeting or surpassing stakeholder requirements and anticip ations. The project group must initiate good relationships with core stakeholders, especially the primary client for the project, to comprehend what quality implies to them. Many technical projects fail be develop the project management group aims only at meeting the written requirements for the project (Juran and Frank, 2002). forest, therefore, must be on an equal basis with project scope, cost, and time. If the projects stakeholders are dissatisfied with the quality of the project management or the end products of the project, the management group will require adjusting time, cost, and scope to fulfill stakeholder needs. In which case meeting only documented requirements for time, cost, and scope is not sufficient. To attain stakeholder fulfillment, the project group must come up with a good works relationship with all stakeholders and comprehend their implied or stated requirements.Best lend oneselfs over the years, organizations have become mesmerized with the term-best practi ce-but after continued use, experts began scrutinizing the expression and now check definitions exist. A best practice starts simply with an idea. Knowing that there is a process, tool, activity, or mode that can deliver results effectively than any other method and provides one with the desired results with less barriers and predictable complexities is a welcome.As a result, one apparently ends up with an efficient way of completing a problem by use of a repeatable procedure that has stood the test of time for quite a large number of IT projects (Kathy, 2008). As project quality management evolved, so did the meanings of best practices. Some definitions of best practices are complicated while others are somehow simple. Yet, they both address the same aim of encouraging project quality management throughout the organization. Firms must decide on the depth and extent of their best practices.Must it be at high level and generic wine or at a low level and detailed? A generic best p ractice may not attain the desired efficiencies whereas a detailed one may not have unlimited applicability. Basically, any pie-eyed can decide to have own definition of best practices and there might even be confederation quality requirements on the definition of such best practices. For example, a best practice can be defined as something that works, works well, works well on a repetitive basis, leads to a competitive advantage, can be identified in quest to rectify business, and prevents the unassailable from problems.1. 2 Principles Generally, there are 3 underlying principles/processes of project quality management 1. 2. 1 Planning quality Planning for quality involves identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to fulfill those standards. Integrating quality standards into project design is a core portion of quality planning. For an IT project, quality standards implicate change system growth, planning a considerable response time, or making sure that the system produces accurate and consistent information.The core outputs of quality planning are a quality management plan, quality metrics, quality checklists, a process improvement plan, and project document updates. 1. 2. 2 scarpering quality assurance execute quality assurance includes periodical evaluation of the whole project performance to make sure that the project will meet the desired quality standards. The process involves assuming roles of quality in the entire project life cycle. Senior management must take the lead in emphasizing the roles all employees play in quality assurance.The core outputs of this process are organizational process asset, project management, project document, and change requests updates (Kathy, 2008). 1. 2. 3 Performing quality control Performing quality control involves monitoring specific project results to make sure that they adhere to the desired quality requirements while identifying methods to enhance ultimate quality. This pro cess is loosely linked to the technical techniques and tools of quality management, such as quality control charts, statistical sampling, and Pareto charts.The main outputs of quality control include quality control measurements, formalise deliverables, change requests, validated changes, organizational process asset updates, project management plan, and project document updates (Kathy, 2008). This research seeks to Incorporate the best practices in project quality management with quality leadership/ team work within a quality focused company, Evaluate the significance of project quality management for IT products and services, show the techniques and tools for quality control, and Describe how leadership model relate to enhancing quality in information technology projects. 2. 0 Review of Literature In his book on quality control, Juran (2002) stressed the significance of top management commitment to continuous product quality improvement. In 2000, Juran published the fifth ed ition of his famous book. In both texts, Juran developed and built upon a trilogy involving quality improvement, quality control, and quality planning. Juran emphasized the difference amidst the manufacturers view of quality and the clients view.He observed that manufacturers focused on adherence to requirements, but clients focused on fitness for use. In this book, Juran developed 10 stages to quality improvement. These include building awareness of the need and chance for improvement, set goals for improvements, organize to reach the goals, provide training, slobber out projects to shape problems, report progress, give recognition, intercommunicate results, keep ratings, and maintain momentum by establishing yearly improvement part of the regular systems and processes of the economy.Crosby (1979) wrote Quality Is Free and is best cognise for suggesting that firms struggle for zero defacements. He stressed that the costs of low quality must include all costs of not doing the work right the scratch time, such as rework, scrap, wasted man hours and machine hours, customer ill will and wasted sales, and warranty costs. Crosby proposed that the cost of low quality is so defalcate that firms can profitably spend unlimited amounts of money on enhancing quality.Like Juran, Crosby developed 14 stages for quality improvement these include making it clear that management is committed to quality, organizing quality control teams with representatives from each section, establishing where current and potential quality problems lie, evaluating the cost of quality and explaining its use as a management tool, raising the quality awareness and personal concern of all employees, take actions to correct problems identified through previous steps, establishing a committee for the zero defects program, training supervisors to actively carry out their part of the quality improvement program, holding a-zero defects day-to allow all employees realize that there has been a ch ange, encouraging individuals to establish improvement goals for themselves and their teams, encouraging employees to communicate to management the barriers they face in achieving their improvement goals, reorganizing and appreciating those who participate, establishing quality councils to communicate on a regular basis, and reworking to emphasize that the quality improvement program never ends. Crosby (1979) initiated the Quality Management Process Maturity Grid. Such a grid can be applied to a firms attitude toward product usability.For instance, the sign level in the grid is ignorance, where employees might think they do not have any difficulties with usability. The last level is wisdom, where employees have changed their attitude so that usability defect prevention is a routine part of their activities. Ishikawa (1976) developed the concept of quality circles and pioneered the utilization of cause-and-effect graphics. Ishikawa made notable contributions to quality management, t he most important being Ishikawas total quality perspective, organization quality control and emphasizes to human based quality, the quality diagram, and the creation and use of his 7 basic quality tools.The tools are Pareto analysis, stratification, cause and effect diagrams, check sheets, scatter charts, histograms, and process control charts. Ishikawa believed these 7 tools must be known in depth, if not by all, in a firm and used to evaluate problems and create enhancements. Used effectively the tools form a powerful quality kit. Genichi (1998) believed it is good to develop product that is stout and or insensible to manufacturing process variation, sort of than trying to control all variations during manufacturing. To practice this idea, he embarked on the already developed knowledge on design and made it more practical and usable for quality experts.Genichis idea was mainly about the routine maximization of process and product prior to actual processing rather than quality c ontrol through inspection. Reliability and quality are ensured at the designing stage. Genichi went on to break off-line quality into 3 core levels. These levels include system design, tolerance design, and parameter design. Foster (2004) identified leadership as being core to the quality improvement process, assuming minimal difference between management and leadership. The role is of a facilitator, and the foundation is-managing by walking, allowing the leader to be in touch with clients, people, and innovation, the three primary sections in the expedition of excellence.Foster believes that, as the leader walks, three main operations are occurring listening, facilitating, and listening suggesting caring, able to provide instant help, and transmission of values respectively. Foster, having analyzed key American firms think that any smart concept to organizing had to take into account 7 variables, a framework that was designed to include both the software and hardware of a firm. 3. 0 Findings 3. 1 Best practices Every organization has its own point of view of best practices. But generally there seem to be four basic reasons for embracing best practices. The four are Improving efficiency, Standardization, Improving effectiveness, and ConsistencyIn whatever definition, the company must identify which of the four, or combination therein, the firm targets. The paper focused on best practices as practiced at Orange Soft-Link Ltd, an IT company based in Switzerland (Crosby, 1979). A best practice is an lie with based, published, and proven way to achieve company objectives. The company has detailed best practices in its procedures/policies and work flows. There are templates and guidelines as well as procedures that the company embraced. Additionally, when it closed a project, the company conducts a formal lesson learned section. The session involves the sponsors, core team, project manager, and other stakeholders impacted by the project.The lessons are stor ed in a common database and reviewed with the whole team. Its best practices depend on lessons learned. The company shares these practices with other IT firms for those vendors for which the company is a reference site. All Orange Ltd templates, procedures/policies, and work flow can be accessed when necessary and, by request, the quality leadership team set conferences to give feedback as well as explain in details all practices. Any tool, activity or template used by a quality manager that has had a positive impact on quality delivery, knowledge, and process. For example, do to satisfy customers is a best practice in this IT Company.This is done by assessing each phase of a project. Generally the company views a best practice as any process or activity that enhances a given quality issue, eliminates the need of other more complicated procedures, or significantly improves an actual procedure. Each best practice is a living unit and subject to amendments, removal, or review. Fo r Orange Soft-Link ltd, a best practice is any process or method that has been successful in producing the desired outcomes through practical application. This IT Company do not embrace professional or industry standards as a best practice until it has been proven that the process or method works in its corporate environment (Kathy, 2008).

Review of “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl”

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl A Review Harriet Jacobs wrote Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl to show Union take over people what was actually happening to slaves. She hoped her eyewitness stories would convince them that they should speak up against bondage and unite in the effort to end it. She was especially raise in showing free white women the difference between her life and theirs. She necessityed them to see that many an(prenominal) things they took for granted were denied slave girls and women.Jacobs was asking free people to look at slavery through her eyes and imagine the pain, both physical and emotional, that she and other slaves were strained to endure. Even though she was a slave, her first cardinal years were happy ones. Her father had skills that made him valuable to the white people so he was allowed more freedom than the average slave. Her grandmother was the daughter of a slave holder. She was granted freedom but then recaptured. She was allowe d to make money by selling crackers after her slave duties were done.An injustice Jacobs describes early in her take is the pain suffered by slave families who are separated when one member is auctioned off to the highest bidder. She tells ab expose this happening to her grandmother who helplessly watched as her discussion was auctioned off at the age of ten for $720. Jacobs knew the pain of a family being torn apart would weaken a free womans stalling on slavery. Males were auctioned off more than females because owners were more likely to keep females as sex partners and to father children by them.Slave owners made promises to slaves but never felt make to keep those promises. Jacobs grandmother had been promised freedom when her mistress died. The executor of the 2 estate, Dr. Flint, instead sold her for $70. In spite of what the will said, he got away with selling her because she was property and no one held him responsible for this unlawful act. She also was never repaid w hen she lent her life savings to her mistress. Two of the most chilling events Jacobs reports witnessing are on pages 15 and 16.She tells of a male slave who was savagely beaten by Dr. Flint because the slave argued with his wife after finding out their child was really the son of Dr. Flint. She goes on to tell the story of a young slave girl in labor delivering her masters child. The masters wife stood by taunting the young girl as the newborn died. The slave girls mother watched as her only child also died during child birth. Jacobs wrote, The poor mordant woman had but the one child, whose eyes she saw closing in death, while she thanked God for taking her away from the greater bitterness of life. Much of the book explains Harriets attempts to avoid Dr. Flints sexual advances. When she reached the age of 15 he began a relentless pursuit of her. She was disgusted by his attention. She did non want to lose her virginity to her master as she saw many other slave girls do. She pr ayed for a way to originate away from him. She endured the jealousy of Dr. Flints wife who recognized what was going on. She was in love with a free black man but her master forbid her to have any contact with him. aft(prenominal) she convinced her lover to go away, Harriet met Mr. Sands.She became intimate with him in another effort to play the unwanted advances of Dr. Flint. She had children with Sands but still was not able to get free. Eventually she ran away. She hid for 7 years in a cramped go space at her grandmothers house. Jacobs goes into detail about her escape to the North and the people who were kind enough to help her in her efforts to stay in contact with her family and to stay hidden from Dr. Flint. He continued his search for her until he died. Jacobs then hid from his family who began a search for her. Harriet learned she couldnt depend on Mr.Sands for help in getting their children 3 freed. She lived for a time with Isaac and Amy Post who were activists works for the Underground Railroad. Eventually a woman named Mrs. Bruce bought Harriet Jacobs from Flints children for $300 and she gave her her freedom. Her grandmother got to see Harriet free but died shortly after that. Harriet found out that her children, Emily and William, already knew things like who their real father was and where she had been hiding for all those years.Jacobs is very graphic when she describes slavery and the terrible treatment of slaves. She is very good at particularisation her thoughts and reactions to the horrible things she saw and experienced. She reminds free women that most women have the same dream of a loving husband, children and a happy home. She also makes it clear that only free women notify live their dream. She often expresses the belief that slavery is worse than death. On page 47 she challenges doubtful readers to visit the South and witness the injustice of slavery for themselves.Im sure that the book does not include all the events that made Harriet Jacobs who she was. There were probably some good memories she could have shared but that would not have supported her argument or fulfilled her purpose. It is not clear to me why Dr. Flint was constantly asking for Harriets affection and never forced her to have sex with him. He did with other slave girls. I wonder if he actually loved her and wanted her to submit to him willingly. He also searched for her for many years until his death. Why didnt he just rape her as he believed he had a right to?This book is easy to read, interesting, and well written. I dont really believe a slave could write that well though. I also doubt she could have lived in a crawl space for seven years without more serious physical and mental harm. Some things might have been exaggerated to accomplish the authors goal. She succeeds in showing readers how unjust slavery was. Its a good book because, even today, we need to be reminded about how ignorant, cruel and evil people can be. Not all of Amer icas history is good. We should never forget how the slaves suffered.

Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 12

Poppy was lying there on the white velvet lining, eyes shut. She looked very pale and strangely beautiful- exclusively was she dead? slipstream up, mob said. He put his hand on hers.Phillip had the feeling that he was c entirelying with hismind as well as his joint.There was an agonizingly long min while nothing happened. pack put his other hand under Poppys make fill out, lifting her just slightly. Poppy, its time.Wake up. Wake up.Poppys eyelashes fluttered.Something jarred violently in Phillip. He wanted togive a yell of victory and pound the grass. He alsowanted to run way. Fin whollyy he just collapsed by thegraveside, his knees giving away alto take outher.Come on, Poppy. Get up. We have to go. mobwas speaking in a gentle, insistent voice, as if he weretalking to someone coming out of anesthesia.Which was just now how Poppy looked. As Philwatched with fascination and awe and dread, sheblinked and rolled her manoeuvre a little, consequently opened her eyes. She shut th em again almost immediately, saveJames went on talking to her, and the next time she opened them they stayed open.Then, with James urging her gently, she sat up. Poppy, Phil said. An automatic outburst. His chest was swelling, burning.Poppy looked up, then squinted and turned immediately from the beam of the flashlight. She lookedannoyed.Come on, James said, helping her out of theopen half(a) of the casket. It wasnt hard Poppy was small. With James holding her arm, she stood on theclosed half of the casket, and Phil reached into the hole and pulled her up.Then, with somethingthe sames of a convulsion,hehugged her.When he pulled masking, she blinked at him. A slightfrown puckered her forehead. She licked her indexfinger and drew the wet finger across his cheek.Youre filthy, she said.She could talk. She didnt have red eyes and achalky grammatical case. She was sincerely alive. clean with relief, Phil hugged her again. Oh, God,Poppy, youre okay. Youre okay.He barely noticed that she wasnt hugging himback.James scrambled out of the hole. How do you feel, Poppy? he said. not a politeness. A quiet, probing question.Poppy looked at him, and then at Phillip. I feelfine.Thats good, James said, still watching her as ifshe were a six-hundred-pound schizophrenic gorilla.I feelhungry, Poppy said, in the same pleasant, musical voice shed used before.Phil blinked.Why dont you come over here, Phil? James said, making a gesture behind him.Phil was beginning to feel very uneasy. Poppy was could she besmellinghim? Not loud, wet sniffs, but the delicate little sniffs of a cat. She was nosing virtually his shoulder.Phil, I think you should come around over here, James said, with more emphasis. But what happenednext happened too quickly for Phil even to startmoving. handsome hands clenched like steel around his biceps. Poppy smiled at him with very sharp teeth, thendarted like a striking cobra for his throat.Im going to die, Phil thought with a uneven calm.He couldnt fight her. But her first strike missed. Thesharp teeth grazed his throat like two burning pokers.No, you dont, James said. He looped an arm around Poppys waist, lifting her off Phil.Poppy gave a disappointed wail. As Phil struggled to his feet, she watched him the way a cat watchesan interesting insect. Nalways taking her eyes off him,not even when James verbalise to her.Thats your associate, Phil. Your twin brother. Remember?Poppy just stared at Phil with hugely dilated pupils.Phil realized that she looked not only pale and beautiful but dazed and starving.My brother? One of our lovely? Poppy said,soundingpuzzled. Her nostrils quivered and her lipsparted. He doesnt smell like it.No, hes,not one of our kind, but hes not forbiting, either. Youre going to have to wait just a littlewhile to feed. To Phillip, he said, Lets get this hole change in, fast.Phillip couldnt move at first. Poppywas stillwatching him in that dreamy but intense way. Shestood there in the darkness in her best white dress, supple as a lily, with her hair fallingaround her face.And she looked at him with the eyes of a jaguar.She wasnt human anymore. She was somethingother.Shed said it herself, she and James were ofone kind and Phil was something different. She belonged to the Night World now.Oh, God, maybe we should just have let her die,Phil thought, and picked up a shovel with loose and trembling hands. James had already gotten the lid back on the vault. Phil shoveled dirt on it withoutlooking at where it landed. His head wobbled as ifhis neck were a pipe cleaner.Dont be anidiot, avoice said, and hard fingersclosed on Phils wrist briefly. Through a blur, Philsaw James.Shes not better off dead. Shes just confused rightnow. This istemporary,all right?The talking to were brusque, but Phil mat up a tiny surgeof comfort. Maybe James was right. Life was good,in whatever form. And Poppy had chosen this.Still, shed changed, and only time would tellhow much.One thing-Phil had do the mistake of thin kingthat vampires were like humans. Hed gotten so comfortable with James that hed almost forgotten theirdifferences.He wouldnt make that mistake again.Poppy felt wonderful-in almost every way.She felt hole-and-corner(a) and strong. She felt poetic and full of possibility. She felt as if shed sloughed off her oldbody like a snake shedding its skin, to reveal a fresh new body underneath.And she knew, without being instead sure how sheknew, that she didnt have cancer.It was gone, the terrible thing that had been running play wild inside her. Her new body had killed it andabsorbed it somehow. Or maybe it was just that every cell that made up Poppy North, every molecule,had changed.However It was, she felt vibrant and healthy. Notjust better than she had before shed gotten the cancer, but better than she could recall feeling inher life. She was strangely aware of her own body,and her muscles and joints all seemed to be workingin a way that was sweet and almost magical.The only proble m was that she was hungry. It wastaking all her willpower not to pounce on the blondguy in the hole.Phillip.Her brother.Sheknewhe was her brother, but he was alsohuman and she could scent out therichstuff, lush with life, that was coursing through his veins. The electrifying fluid she needed to survive.So jump him, part of her mind whispered. Poppyfrowned and tried to wiggle away from the thought.She felt something in her mouth nudging her lowerlip, and she poked her thumb at it instinctively.It was a tooth. A delicate curving tooth. Both hercanine teeth were long and pointed and verysensitive.How weird. She rubbed at the new teeth gently,then conservatively explored them with her tongue. Shepressed them against her lip.After a moment they shrank to normal size. If shethought about humans full of pipeline like berries, theygrew again.Hey, look what I can dotBut she didnt make the two grimy boys whowere filling in the hole. She glanced around and triedto distract herself instead. Strange-it didnt really seem to be either day ornight.-Maybe there was an eclipse. It was too dim tobe daytime, but far too bright for nighttime. Shecould see the leaves on the maple trees and the graySpanish moss hanging from the oak trees. Tiny mothswere fluttering around the moss, and she could seetheir pale wings.When she looked at the sky, she got a shock. There was something floating(a) there, a giant round thing thatblazed with silvery light. Poppy thought of spaceships,of alien worlds, before she realized the truth.It was themoon.Just an ordinary full moon. Andthe reason it looked so big and ache with lightwas that she had night vision. That was why shecould see the moths, too.All her senses were keen. Delicious smells waftedby her, the smells of small burrowing animals andfluttering dainty birds. On the wind came a tantalizing hint of rabbit.And she couldhearthings. Once she whipped herhead around as a dog barked right beside her. Then she realized that it was far away, o utside the cemetery. It only sounded close.Ill bet I can run fast, too, she thought. Her legsfelt tingly. She wanted to go running out into thelovely, gloriously-scented night, to be one with it.She waspartof it now.James,she said. And the strange thing was that shesaid it without saying it out loud. It was somethingshe knew how to do without thinking.James looked up from his shoveling.Hang on,hesaid the same way.Were almost done, kiddo.Then youll teach me to chase?He nodded, just slightly. His hair was falling overhis forehead and he looked adorably grubby. Poppyfelt as if shed never really seen him before-becausenow she was seeing him with new senses. Jameswasnt just tricky brown hair and enigmatic gray eyesand a lithe-muscled body. He was the smell of winterrain and the sound of his predators heartbeat andthe silvery aura of power she could feel around him. She could sense his mind, lean and tiger-tough but somehow gentle and almost wistful at the same time.Were hunting partner s now,she told him eagerly,and he smiled an acknowledgment. But underneath she felt that he was worried. He was either sad or anxious about something, something he was keeping from her.She couldnt think about it. She didnt feel hungryanymore she felt strange. As if she was having trouble getting replete air.James and Phillip were shaking out the tarps, unrolling strips of fresh sod to cover the grave. Hergrave. Funny she hadnt really thought about thatbefore. Shed been lying in a grave-she ought tofeel repulsed or scared.She didnt. She didnt remember being in there atall-didnt remember anything from the time shedfallen asleep in her bedroom until shed woken upwith James calling her.Except a dream Okay, James said. He was folding up a tarp. We can go. Howre you feeling?Ummm. . a little weird. I cant get a deepbreath.Neither can I, Phil said. He was breathing hardand wiping his forehead. I didnt know grave digging was such hard work.James gave Poppy a searching look. Do you thinkyou can make it back to my apartment?Hmm? I guess. Poppy didnt truly know whathe was talking about. Make it how? And why shouldgoing to his apartment help her to breathe?Ive got a couple of safe donors there in the build, James said. I dont really want you out on thestreets, and I think youll make it there okay.Poppy didnt ask what he meant. She was having trouble thinking clearly.James wanted her to hide in the backseat of hiscar. Poppy refused. She needed to sit up front and tofeel the night air on her face.Okay, James said at last. But at least sort ofcover your face with your arm. Ill drive on backroads. Youcantbe seen, Poppy.There didnt seem to be anyone on the streets tosee her. The air whipping her cheeks was cool andgood, but it didnt help her breathing. No matter howshe tried, she couldnt seem to get a proper breath.Im hyperventilating, she thought. Her heart wasracing, her lips and tongue felt parchment-dry. And still she had the feeling of being air-starved.Whatshappening t o me?Then the pain started.Agonizing seizures in her muscles-like the crampsshe used to get when she went out for track in juniorhigh. Vaguely, through the pain, she rememberedsomething the P.E. teacher had said.Thecrampscomewhen your muscles dont get enough blood. A charley horseis a clump of muscles starving to death.Oh, ithurt.It hurt.She couldnt even call to James for help, now all she could do was hang on to thecar door and try to breathe. She was whooping andwheezing, but it wasnt any good.Cramps everywhere-and now she was so dizzythat she saw the world through sparkling lights.She. was dying. Something hadgone terriblywrong. She felt as if she were underwater, tryingdesperately to claw her way to oxygen-only therewas nooxygen.And then she saw the way.Or smelled it, actually. Thecar was stopped at a redlight. Poppys head and shoulders were out the windowby now-and suddenly she caught a whiff of life.Life.What she needed. She didnt think, she simplyacted. With one consummation she threw the car door open and plunged out.She heard Phils shout behind her and Jamessshout in her head. She ignored two of them. Nothing mattered except stopping the pain.She grabbed for the man on the paving material the waya drowning swimmer grabs at a rescuer. Instinctively. He was tall and strong for a human. He was wearinga dark sweatsuit and a bomber jacket. His face wasstubbly and his skin wasnt exactly clean, but thatwasnt important. She wasnt interested in the con tainer, only in the lovely sticky red stuff inside.This time her strike was perfectly accurate. Herwonderful teeth lengthened like claws and stabbed intothe mans throat. Puncturing him like one of thoseold-fashioned bottle openers. He struggled a little and then went limp.And then she was drinking, her throat drenched in copper-sweetness. Sheer animal hunger took over as she tapped his veins. The liquid filling her mouthwas wild and raw and primal and every swallow gaveher new life.She drank and drank, and f elt the pain disappear.In its place was a euphoriant lightness.When she paused to breathe, she could feel her lungs swell withcool, blessed air.She bent to drink again, to suck, lap, tipple. Theman had a clear bubbling stream inside him, and shewanted it all.That was when James pulled her head back.He spoke both aloud and in her mind and his voicewas collected but intense. Poppy, Im sorry. Im sorry.It was my fault. I shouldnt have made you wait solong. But youve had enough now. You can stop.Ohconfusion. Poppy was peripherally aware of Phillip, her brother Phillip, looking on in horror. James said shecouldstop, but that didnt mean she had to. She didntwantto. The man wasnt fightingat all now. He seemed to be unconscious.She bent down again. James pulled her back upalmost roughly.Listen, he said. His eyes were level, but his voicewas hard. This is the time you can choose, Poppy.Do youreallywant to kill?The words shocked her back to awareness. To killthat was the way to get power, she knew. Bloodwas power and life and cleverness and food and drink.If she drained this man like squeezing an orange, shewould have the power of his very essence. Whoknew what she might be able to do then?Buthe was a man, not an orange. A humanbeing. Shed been one of those once.Slowly, reluctantly, she lifted herself off the man.James let out a long breath. He patted her shoulderand sat down on the pavement as if too tired to stand up right then.Phil was slumped against the wall of the nearestbuilding.He was appalled, and Poppy could feel it. She couldeven pick up words he was thinking-words likeghastly andamoral.A whole designate that went something likeIs it worth it to save her life if shes lost her soul?James jerked around to look at him, and Poppy couldfeel the silver flare of his anger. You just dont get it,do you? he said savagely. She could have attackedyou anytime, but she didnt, even though she wasdying. You dont know what the bloodlust feels like.Its not like being thirst y-its like suffocating. Your cells start to die from oxygen starvation, because your own blood cant carry oxygen to them. Its the worst painthere is, but she didnt go after you to make it stop.Phillip looked staggered. He stared at Poppy, thenheld out a hand uncertainly.Im sorry..Forget it, James said shortly. He turned his backon Phil and examined the man. Poppy could feel himextend his mind. Im telling him to forget this, hesaid to Poppy. All he needs is some rest, and he might as well do that right here. See, the woundsare already healing.Poppy saw, but she couldnt feel happy. She knewPhil still disapproved of her. Not just for somethingshed done, but for what shewas.Whats happened to me?she asked James, throwingherself into his arms. Have I turned into something awful?He held her fiercely.Youre just different. Not awful. Phils a jerk.She wanted to laugh at that. But she could feel atremor of sadness behind his protective love. It wasthe same anxious sadness shed sensed in him ea rlier.James didnt like being a predator, and now hedmade Poppy one, too. Their plan had succeeded brilliantly-and Poppy would never be the old PoppyNorth again.And although she could hear his thoughts, itwasnt exactly like the total immersion when theydexchanged blood. They might not ever have that togetherness again.There wasnt any other choice, Poppy. saidstoutly, and she said it aloud. We did what we hadto do. Now we have to make the best of it.Youre a bravegirl.Did I ever tell you that?No. And if you did, I dont mind hearing it again.But they drove to Jamess apartment building in silence, with Phils depression weighing heavily inthe backseat.Look, you can take the car back to your house,James said as he unloaded the equipment and Poppys clothes into his carport. I dont want to bringPoppy anywhere near there, and I dont want toleave her alone.Phil glanced up at the dark two-story building asif something had just struck him. Then he cleared histhroat. Poppy knew why-Jamess apartme nt was anotorious place, and shed never been allowed to visitit at night. Apparently Phil still had some brotherlyconcern for his vampire sister. You, uh, cant justtake her to your parents house?How many propagation do I have to explain? No, I canttake her to my parents, because my parents dont knowshes a vampire. Right at the moment shes an illegalvampire, a renegade, which means shes got to be kept a secret until I can straighten things outsomehow.How- Phil stopped and shook his head. Okay.Not tonight. Well talk about it later.No, we wont, James said harshly. Youre nota part of this anymore. Its up to Poppy and me. All you need to do is go back and live your normal lifeand keep your mouth shut.Phil started to say something else, then caughthimself. He took the keys from James. Then he looked at Poppy.Im glad youre alive. I love you, he said.Poppy knew that he wanted to-hug her, but something kept both of them back. There was an emptiness in Poppys chest.Bye, Phil, she said, and h e got in the car and left.

Food Habits Essay

Are you a teenager appearing for your Xth or XII class board exams? Well then, this is the time of the year when you must be busy feverishly preparing for the exams. During the couple of months or so prior to the commencement of exams, it is a common phenomenon among youngsters in this age group to neglect their meals and pursue meandering(a) eating habits.So, you are not likely to be an exception either. Unfortunately this habit of poor eating will take a heavy campana of your health and general well being. The relationship between nervousness and lack of appetite is a vicious cycle.Out of sheer nervousness, you will shun brawny meals, which in turn will make you weak and nervous. It would be wise therefore to discard the idea of skipping meals, eating haphazardly and to get down to some sensible eating habits. * First and foremost, students need to consume substantial quantities of proteins.Recent researches reveal that there is a definite correlation between choline a ticker naturally founding high protein foods, and good memory. Which is probably why the Indians in the Northern hinterland consider the fish-eating folks of all the coastal states, to have weaken mental faculties than themselves.* Therefore, it would be a good idea to eat a lot of proteins e. g fish, eggs, pulses, cottage cheese, Soya/Tofu/Soya derivatives, curd/yoghurt and so forth. * Experienced nutritionists suggest that growing children in their mid/ late teens ought eat a lot of dried fruits like almonds, pine nuts, dates figs etc. Being jammed with energy these food items help in repairing the damage caused by stress.* It has been generally observed that around the time of examinations children tend to suffer from stress related diarrhoea. So it is absolutely essential that they are served less oily, less spicy and easy to digest foodstuffs.* Children preparing for their crucial examinations must increase their intake of liquids/fluids e g milk, juices, and soups. However, polish ed/packed soups are an absolutely no-no. Despite the manufacturers tall claims, such soups are lacking in the essential nutrients and moreover contain synthetic preservatives, which youngsters could conveniently do without. Fresh mixed fruit/vegetable juices, especially carrot juice, garnished with suitable spices are indeed a boon for the examinees. * Tea/ coffee is a beverage that students love to consume because of their stimulating properties.However drinking coffee/tea on an empty stomach early in the morning is bound to sanction disastrous. Similarly gulping down mugs of black tea /coffee in order to stay up the whole night, will do more psychic trauma than good. This habit gives rise to ailments like nausea, hypertension, insomnia among other. things. * Students normally experience hunger pangs in between meals. During such times, the parents must put their foot down and convince/ impart the children to have plenty o fresh fruits instead of junk food like burgers, pizzas, chips, samosas, bread pakoras, chhloay -bhaturay and lots more.Instead fries and snacks prepared at plaza would be a good substitute as the standards of hygiene and quality of materials can be ascertained. * A word of caution. Everyday ones comes across hordes of ads highlighting the airless miraculous powers of several drugs/mixtures, claiming to enhance memory / retentive power, increase concentration and ameliorate overall performance in the exams. Without any offence meant to anybody, in mooring you plan to try these out, you will be doing so at your own risk. Unfortunately the efficacy stuffs such as these have not yet been scientifically authenticated.

Deborah Moggach uses humour to address social issues consider how she does this, paying particular attention to her use of language Essay

n this shew I will look at how Deborah Moggach uses card to address accessible unfreezes. I will lay down my own opinion and I will also pay particular attention to her use of language.In this essay I will focus on bum around for love by Deborah Moggach, she addresses the social issues of one-time(a) women having a relationship with junior men. In this story there is a middle age spawn with two teenagers and she found a 26 form old man for a relationship by means of her day time job in a dispatch room.Deborah Moggach uses humour to address a social issue a number of times throughout the story. The first time we see this is when Deborah Moggach the 26 year old man ask Esther out, want to help me buy a Christmas present for my mum. This is utilize as a social issue as he is asking to spend time with her. stock-still the humour comes in later when Deborah Moggach says but did he just want the advice of mature woman. This makes the audience think and brings reality into the story and reminds us of Esthers age. We are reminded by the youthfulness mans age later on in the story through humour when Esther is telling him round the defer of her sons bedroom until she realise he is young himself you couldnt complain about adolescents to soul who was practically one himself.This humour is exposen as it is as if Esther is relating the young man of her dreams to her son. Deborah Moggach then uses humour when she gets into how Esther feels about how long it had been since she had fallen in love again and Since she had shaved her legs every single day. This humour is shown to emphasis what it is like to fall in love and what ladies do on a daily bases to show that they care top their man. This is also linked to a social issue as it is the reason she is groom her legs on a daily bases for the social aspect of seeing the man.In the sixth paragraph of fool for love, Deborah Moggach uses humour by saying she had lent him 10-he never had any money-and he still stipendiary her back. This is used in a social issue as they are socialising in concert more carefully now as the story goes on. This is also humours as people can tie in towards it and it shows that he cares for his feelings and cares for her.Fool for love by Deborah Moggach is a story that people are able to rival to well. It seems to be that everyone has fallen in love and had ups and downs, whether they would die to be with them for the rest of their lives or be with them for a period of time. Fool for love emphasises just how strong love can be and how powerful it is to some(prenominal) people and this is how people are able to relate towards the story. Humour for a social issues is used a lot of the time throughout the story as a mature woman with a younger man does happen it is not too common which gives Deborah Moggach the perfect chance to play with the writing and lav humour into the story. Fool for love is all about social issues with Esther meeting a new young man a t work to meeting her son from the airport. I lot of the things that Esther does is because of a social issue and how she wants to come across to people when being social able.

Global Warming Poses Threat to Ski Resorts in USA Essay

The Ameri give the gate due west is marvellous, it is banging with grand landscapes and mountains reaching to the sky . The plains unfold to the horizon and the vistas submit an unimaginable panorama. Just identical each where else in the world, peeing is an essential element to life here precisely it is scarce hence creating the wests vulnerability. Precipitation is generally low and ground contrivenot support agriculture it is for this reason that agriculture is simply practical through and through irrigation.This precipitation is not only scarce further scarcest in the passs when it is mostly needed but falls disproportionately and mostly in the mountains in the pass. The only saving grace is that in pass it precipitates as gust and stays as setback packs throughout the spendtime. It is on the basis of these tolerate patterns that the winter sports touristry is established. This industry has served as the main economic cause machine of the west and opposite other beas for decades. However, changing climatic patterns and world-wide heat has emerged as a serious threat to the existence of the winter sports industry.Projected increases in comely planetary temperatures due to increases in special K house gases in the asynchronous transfer mode has been incriminated in widespread rimy and purity cap decreases, ocean level turf out and heat but most importantly in the reduction of deoxycytidine monophosphate cover and the decrease in the duration of winter tourism. The un callability of the prospective and the climate sensitive nature of winter sports tourism has led to many scuttle aimed curbing the increase in green house gases and consequently making degree centigrade available.Introduction compel evidence suggests that global climate has been on a progressive metamorphose since the industrial era and is project to continue over the 21st century and beyond. ball-shaped warming and climate transmute is an unequivocal phe nomenon. Global mean temperature has been on the increase with an approximate increase of 0. 760 C between 1850-1899. the same increase has been put together between 2001 and 2005. This means that global predictions of temperature bear a 90% probability (IPPC. Climate Change and Tourism, 2007).These increases in average temperatures argon a direct result of human activities that increase the concentrations of green house gases in the atmosphere. The completion of these discernible human influences endure also extended to other climate change aspects such as temperature originals, changes in wind patterns, continental average temperatures and ocean warming. The same is appli lineage to the widespread arctic and white cap decreases coupled with warming of the ocean surface temperatures, the result is a sea level rise of approximately 1. 8mm yearly from 1961-2003 and approximately 3. 1mm yearly from 1993-2003.The resultant exercise of biological response in ecosystems and specie s mixed bag presents an unpleasant scenario and these statistics are recorded in virtually e very(prenominal) continent. It is intercommunicate that the probability of increase in global temperatures forget further accelerate green house gas emissions at the present or above the present rates. The prediction pushes overall global temperature rise by 1. 80C -4. 00C. Assuming that the atmospheric concentrations of green house gases are stabilized, the warming load would still continue due to the levels of green house gases from other(prenominal) emissions and the consequent thermal inertia of oceans.The biological response would also be extrapolated to future centuries even if the levels are stabilized at the present concentrations today. The discernible manifestations worldwide go forth be hot temperature extremes, extreme ignite waves, heavy precipitation, peak wind speeds and precipitation in tropical cyclone events and an additional heavy precipitation associated with incr eases in tropical sea and surface temperatures. Together with these climatic changes extra tropical storm tracks are projected to shift towards the poles. exclusively these changes together with the decreases in show cover get out continue into the future.The economic and environmental risks are unfathomable and would effectively impede nations strides towards the progress toments of sustainable developments. However, there is hope that if precautions and measures are taken to restrict green house gases today the exalted up costs of environmental and economic destruction and disruption can fairly be subsided. This calls for lifestyle changes, economic policies and regulations and international efforts that not only help reduce the causal agents of climate change and global warming but also foster adaptation and mitigation measures to live up to the challenges of climate change.Climate change and Tourism Climate change, especially global warming has grown to be a pivotal is sue in the development and forethought of tourism. The relationship between the environment, climate and tourism sector is currently a highly sensitive economic matter. Climate change is increasingly driving tourism development and decision making, changing tourism destinations and even tourist tastes. Tourism sector frame a non negligible contributor to climatic changes. GHG emissions from enrapture and accommodation must be reduced in accordance with international standards.Tourism sector cannot address the challenges of climatic changes themselves and in isolation but they can only do this in the context of sustainable development and the broader international development agenda. Tourism and the sustainability of tourism destinations is dependent on climate divergence. The length and the quality of seasons as well as destination survival and the level of tourist spending are all determined by climate change. Climate change and winter sports Winter sports constitute a very so urce of income and the reliability of snow is a mention element in the touristic affirm.skiing and snowboarding are the most common forms of writer sports but others such as snow hiking and cross-country traveling also depends on the reliability and the availableness of enough snow. Mountainous areas are always very sensitive to climate change hence less(prenominal) snow, melting permafrost, receding glaciers and extreme events such as landslides. Additionally climate change shift mountain fauna and flora. These effectuate attitude a direct threat to travel recurs in the United States. Lower earnings in winter tourism will only serve to exacerbate economic disparities that exist between the alpine regions and the much developed urban areas.These changes will also increase the risk of only skiing at high stature up the mountain. If this was to happen there would be an intense concentration of sports activities in certain regions as well as further putting pressure on the env ironmentally sensitive high mountains. The extrapolation of the cause of global warming on winter tourism extends to the viability of the mountain cable way companies that use the availability of snow as a prerequisite for their financial stability. Without snow or enough snow the profitableness of the ski industry is impossible.The absence of snow in the mountains will be like having a summer without a sea. The variability of the winter season with response to climate change will deny the winter sports industry the right levels of snow at the right time. These forecasts are a necessity in intend for trips at shorter notices especially the weekends (Rolf Burki et al, 2003) Studies undertaken in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Australia, Switzerland and the United States to establish the impact of climate change on the tourism sector show severe implications especially to the winter sports industry.While some regions with high technological advances like adaptation strategies (ar tificial snow making) will maintain their tourism, others unable to adapt the expensive technologies will doze off out. These transitions in business volumes will not only be dictated by limiting snow levels but also the circumstance that skiers respond flexibility to snow conditions. During a snow poor season, 49% of skies are most plausibly to change to a resort that is fairly more(prenominal) than snow reliable, 32% would reduce the frequency of skiing and only 4% would give up the sport.Coupled together with the accompaniment that climate change has a direct effect on the number of ski days, those unable to adapt to expensive technologies will be disadvantaged and pushed out of business. (Rolf Burki et al, 2003). Snow resorts not concentrated in snow reliable high altitude areas will be forced to withdraw from the market because of decreasing levels of snow. For transport industries that will offer access to high altitude areas (sometimes higher than 200m) business prospec ts will be severe due an expected increase in skiing at the high altitudes.The effect of this will be quantitative expansion of the high altitude skiing resorts hence eliciting a negative environmentally feedback effect caused by disruption of the ecologically sensitive high altitude mountain regions. Presently, this expected expansion to high altitude areas has been the theme of many concept studies that influence the opening up of High Mountain (Breiling and Charamza, 1999) It is for these effects of climate change that during a recent campaign in Portsmouth, N. H, Barrack Obama the Democratic Party presidential candidate reiterated that there is need to address the urgency of global warming on the ski industry.He said that global warming is not a future problem but a present one. This problem has made New Hampshire to have shorter sporting seasons and people are losing jobs. He further reiterated that residents of northeastern America ski areas together with their customers sho uld work hand in hand to change their thrust spending. habits and resort to green technology if they were to prevent climate caused melt-downs (Laura Bly, 2007) Resorts have started investing in sustainable sea aliment practices, local food supplies, biodiesel powered snow cats and embracing the use of more energy efficient snow making equipment.To achieve this, campaigns on global warming and discounts are being offered to guests who come in hybrid cans. What is even more impressing is that resorts have taken the challenge of campaigning for these changes as well as acting as advocates for intergovernmental change. cause of global warming have also been reported in Burlington Vt. The city is usually carpeted in December but unfortunately changing climatic conditions has created a mild situation where snowfall is miserable just an inch thick.The temperatures are becoming warmer and fewer trails open. However, these fears have been allayed by the optimism of the meteorological sur gical incision prediction that the season will progress as Christmas approaches. According to Michael Berry president of the National ski Areas Association, the strength impacts winter recreation, the mountain ecosystem and the way of life of residents in these areas cannot be ignored. Global warming has a direct and profound effect on the ski business as it depends solely on the variability of weather.To drive this process of change, the association has adapted a policy to regulate and control climate change. The reduce, gear up and advocate approach was adopted to help in the fight against global warming. Key in the policy is a call to ski resorts to work towards the reduction of green house gas emissions individually and collectively, cook the public and guests on the potential impacts of climate change to writer sports industry and be the advocate in pushing for institutional and regulatory changes aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions (Michael Berry, 2007).To this end a lmost half(prenominal) of the 59 ski resorts, who have purchased renewable energy credits or utilized green energy for their lifts and other facilities are 100% green powered hence reducing carbon dioxide emission by 427,596,000 pounds an equivalent of planting almost 17 million trees. Customers are encouraged to offset their emission and work towards increasing green energy use in their home. Generation of renewable energy through on site solar projects or micro hydro power projects and wind energy has greatly increased with treasure Peak Mountain Resort in Massachusetts installing the first wind turbine powered ski area in August 2007.Resort vehicle fleets are now using alternative fuels like biodiesel, they also provide or promote car pooling or mass transit use. Ski resorts are being built using green building techniques and retrofitting existing facilities all with the aim of saving energy. though an outreach program called Keep Winter cool millions of people have been educat ed on global warming and encouraged to institute lifestyle changes to help curb global warming. Specific Impacts of Global Warming on Winter Tourism . SnowThe financial viability and stability of the winter sports tourism industry solely depends on the availability of sufficient snow. Less snow pack is caused by higher average temperatures, on the other hand if there are extremely low temperatures at night then it follows that there is likely to be an average increase in daytime temperatures. In both cases the resultant effect is less mountain snow cover and a reduction in the duration of cover. (Stephen Saunders et al, 2005). This means that recreation will be shortened and the snow will be slushier.The big difference to earlier situation where snow cover was substantially reduced is that, the capital intensity of the winter sports tourism will be considerably high. When this is examine in the context of profits from ski dependent businesses, taxes from local and state government s, the financial prospects of industries in the winter tourism sector look bleak. However, the most important link between climate change and mountain tourism is less snow and, as a consequence, less earnings in ski tourism. GlaciersStatistics all over the world point to the fact that there is a general retreat of glacial cover all over the world. Taking Switzerland as an example, since 1850, the Swiss glaciers have lost slightly more than 25% of their surface. If this was to continue in the future, by 2030, approximately 20% to 70% of the total Swiss glacial cover will disappear. This is a real problem for the ski industry not only in Switzerland but across the world as ski tourists will resort to other countries with snow availability.The effect of this trend will be putting more pressure on the existing ski facilities as well as acting as an incentive for investment in high altitude areas. Permafrost melt of permafrost due to global warming makes mountain areas vulnerable to lan dslides. Transport facilities such as the mountain cable way stations, the lift masts and buildings become instable. Them costs incurred in bracing and anchoring such buildings when permafrost melts are extremely high.Hiking and move up in these areas is also made more dangerous hence the loss of revenue due to potential risk of injury like rockfall or other health outcomes. Despite of cries over decreases in snow levels in the future, there is a possibility of winters with heavy snow like that of 1998/1999 that brought a great passel of losses in the winter tourism industry. The avalanche winter destroyed mountain cable ways, ski-lifts and electric chair lifts. The expenses incurred on sow clearing and the overall loss incurred was in excess of US $ 130 million.Adaptations for the future ski industry should therefore inculcate these historical weather unpredictability patterns in improving the industrys financial viability. Adaptations and Strategies Used by the Tourism Industry to Mitigate Against the Impacts of Global Warming All tourism representatives at political,organizational, entrepreneurial or operational level have been in the forefront in pushing for adaptation strategies to curb climate change and help mitigate the potential effects of global warming.The experiences that project what is going to come in the future are prevalent today and is widely received that snow deficient conditions will determine whether winter tourism will remain a workable economic activity. To achieve this a multi sectoral framework that consists of the National Ski Areas Association(NSAA), Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the federal official government through the Senate Environment and Public Works, state stakeholders and other non governmental civil society organizations have developed a Climate Change policy aimed at reducing the concentrations of green house emissions.Ski resorts have been encouraged to adopt safe and efficient energy usage through the ex ploitation of renewable energy resources. It is this concerted effort in mitigating climate change challenges that also saw the support and imprimatur of McCain/Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act to spearhead the fight against global warming. Specifically these attempts will help stabilize the US$ 5 billion mountain resort industry that currently offers employment to 165,000 people.Despite the existence of facts that predict radical effects in the industry, some argue that climate change issues are very exaggerate and politicized by science and the media. They argue that even though the effects could intensify problems in the industry, the majority of resorts in medium and high altitudes will be barely affected. Discussions should yield strategies that take into account the accuracy of statistical data disseminated on climate change and critically analyze the potential consequences.These issues should further be analyzed with reference to the global competition in the winter touris m sector. The facts that accrue from these forums should then be combine in the construction of artificial snow flaking facilities, extend existing ski runs. Opening of high altitude ski resorts (2000-3000m)should be guided by the potential ecological effect. Climate change should not only be viewed as a negative challenge to winter tourism but also as a catalyst to drive radical structural adjustment and change.These developments should take into account the present risks and opportunities as well as foster development that is in line with the strive for environmental and socio economic sustainability. This will create a highly competitive market where customer preference is not only driven by snow availability but by the efficiency of service in some very high end but smaller less extensive resorts. Such top resorts will offer attractive offers for skiing tourists and hence reduce attention on expansive developments with less attractive offers. bionic Snow making This is an ubiqu itous strategy that is widely employed to mitigate the risk of climate change. Since its line of descent in 1953 at the Grossingers Resort in New York, it has grown to become the principle in the ski industry with an approximate 95% of the resorts engaged in the strategy. Its success has mainly been driven by its invaluable superior nature that offers a complete substitute to natural snow fall as well as making it possible to extend skiing durations(Daniel D. D. McGill, 2007).However, this technology is heavily dependent on temperature and is only effective in cases at low temperatures. Technological advances has seen the reduction of labor costs through the use of snow guns operated by computers. Snow making utilizes vast volumes of water and therefore the availability of water must be guaranteed for efficient blanketing of a large resort. Weather Derivatives. These are weather risk management tools structured to enable ski resorts make appropriate and informed decisions. They can be structured on snow fall temperature according to the customers specifications.Other factors that can be utilized to mitigate the effects of global warming include r4evenue diversification, cloud seeding and marketing to insulate the resorts against variability of weather by enabling them to maximumly profit when the weather is excellent. Conclusions Climate change and global warming remains will continue to remain key out challenges in the winter tourism industry especially the ski resorts. Less snow, less glaciers and extreme weather events such as landslides are the key determinants of the future viability of ski resorts.Strategies instituted to meet the challenges of climatic change and mitigate the impacts of global warming can never be successful if implemented in isolation. It is commendable fact that the skiing industry has adopted sustainable building techniques,inculcated green principles and technology in their operations among others. These precedents are admirable but we have to admit that when taken in the global context, these measures do very small in stemming the worrying tide of global warming whose effects are felt indiscriminately.Global warming is a worldwide problem and therefore all the measures undertaken by the tourism industry must be in line with national and international guidelines that aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In the future, tourist developments will not only be evaluated and judged with respect to their environmental or socio-economic compatibility and viability but they will also be assessed with respect to the climate-compatibility angle.